Two fbms of human echinococcosis or hydatidosis have been reportedinJapan: alveolar hydatidosis (AHD), which is caused by larval Echinococcus multilocularis, and cystic hydatidosis (CHD), which is caused by larval E. granulosus ( 1 ). Thee hundred and eighty-three AHD cases were reported from 1937-1998 in Hokkaido, a large northemmost island of Japan (2). In contrast, CHD cases were reported fr...

in the early 19th century and as a result of war circumstances, iran and britain experienced the formation and development of limited political intercourses. emergence of napoleon, as a serious danger made britain to pay a special attention to iran. on the other side, iran welcomed the expansion of its ties with britain due to its military conflicts with russia. although britain was not interes...

We settled on the title ‘‘The Age of Uncertainty’’ for the series. It sounded well; it did not confine thought; and it suggested the basic theme: we would contrast the great certainties in economic thought in the last century with the great uncertainty with which problems are faced in our time. In the last century capitalists were certain of the success of capitalism, socialists of socialism, i...

In common with most other important philosophical topics, no settled consensus has emerged regarding the correct understanding of probability. Views that take probabilities to be relative frequencies, or degrees of belief, or irreducible chancy properties of systems remain viable, but none is without serious problems. One division that remains resilient is that between subjectivist and objectiv...

The past 35 years have witnessed a large-scale human migration from the densely settled areas of northeastern and southern Brazil to the Amazon basin. Desiring to escape the problems of population pressure, poverty and skewed land distribution in their home regions, settlers have moved to the Amazon hoping to carve a prosperous existence out of an unfamiliar environment. The result, however, ha...

What is the smallest circular or square wall hole that a regular tetrahedron can pass? This problem was solved by Itoh–Tanoue– Zamfirescu [8]. Then, we settled the case of equilateral triangular hole in [1]. Motivated by these results, we consider the corresponding problems in higher dimensions. Among other results, we determine the minimum (n−1)-dimensional ball hole that a unit regular n-simp...

Several real-world applications (e.g., scheduling, configuration, ... ) can be formulated as Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP). In these cases, a set of variables have to be settled to a value with the requirement that they satisfy a set of constraints. Classical CSPs are defined only by means of crisp (Boolean) constraints. However, as sometimes Boolean constraints are too strict in relat...

A rigorous numerical algorithm, formally verified with Isabelle/HOL, is used to compute an accurate enclosure for the Lorenz attractor. Accurately enclosing the attractor is highly relevant: a similar non verified computation is part of Tucker’s proof that the Lorenz attractor is chaotic in a rigorous mathematical sense. This proof settled a conjecture that Fields medalist Stephen Smale has put...