While octopuses are mostly benthic animals, and squid prefer the open waters, cuttlefish present a special intermediate stage. Although their body structure resembles that of a squid, in many cases their behavior is mostly benthic. To test cuttlefish's preference in the use of space, we trained juvenile Sepia gibba and Sepia officinalis cuttlefish to reach a shelter at the opposite side of a ta...

Cephalopod mollusks are renowned for their colorful and dynamic body patterns, produced by an assemblage of skin components that interact with light. These may include iridophores, leucophores, chromatophores and (in some species) photophores. Here, we present molecular evidence suggesting that cephalopod chromatophores - small dermal pigmentary organs that reflect various colors of light - are...

Anal fissure is one of the most painful anorectal diseases which makes patient seek medical help. The textbooks modern medicine classify anal fissures into acute and chronic depending on duration. position also other underlying if present, predispose towards chronicity. According to Hahnemannian classification diseases, are tubercular in origin. Combined with Sycotic miasm, condition becomes ag...