A new dispersion map is designed for three-level code division multiplexing (3LCDM) of a 40 Gb/s (2 x 20 Gb/s) over 500 km (5 x 100km) standard single mode fiber. The results show that an 87.5 % dispersion compensation ratio was the optimum map for the 3LCDM system. The system performance is improved by 6 dB in optical signal-to-noise ratio, 6 dB in receiver sensitivity and 3 dB in self-phase m...

An exploration in the competency of the optical multilevel Mapping Multiplexing Technique (MMT) system in tolerating to the impact of nonlinearities as Self Phase Modulation (SPM) during the presence of dispersion compensation methods. The existence of high energy pulses stimulates deterioration in the chirp compression process attained by SPM which introduces an upper power boundary limit. An ...

introduction: the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (lpgi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. the neurostreoid, 17β-estradiol found in the pgi nucleus and modulates nociception by binding to estrogen receptors and also by allosteric interaction with nmda receptors. in this study, the role of nmda receptors in the 17β-estradiol-induced pain modulation was investigated by assess...

Abstract Effect of convection on the distortion spatial self-phase modulation(SSPM)pattern in graphene dispersions has been investigated. When a Gaussian laser beam is transmitted through grapheme dispersions, interference pattern far-field first forms series circular rings, but upper half rings collapses rapidly after period time, forming stable distorted pattern. Experimental results show tha...

We derive a general theory of linear coupling and Kerr nonlinear between modes dielectric optical resonators from first principles. The treatment is not specific to particular geometry or choice mode basis, can therefore be used as foundation for describing any phenomenon resulting combination coupling, scattering, nonlinearity, such bending surface roughness losses, geometric backscattering, s...

The closely related phenomena of dark states and electromagnetically induced transparency ~EIT! have greatly enriched the fields of nonlinear and quantum optics in recent years. Although these two processes produce similar effects, they have important distinctions. Atomic dark states @1,2# are coherent superpositions of the two lower levels in a threelevel lambda (L) system that are not coupled...

Analytical treatment of the self-phase-modulation of an ultrashort light pulse is extended beyond the slowly varying envelope approximation. The resulting wave equation is modified to include corrections to self-phasemodulation due to higher-order spatial and temporal derivatives. Analytical solutions are found in the limiting regimes of high nonlinearities and very short pulses. Our results re...

A self-oscillating class-D audio amplifier adopting the phase-shifting looap filter in the feedback filter is proposed. To validate the design, a mathematical model is proposed. It is alleged in a very simple form which describes the switching frequency variation as the function of the modulation depth to be applied to any general structure: phase shifting, time delay of the loop, and the hyste...