In the ciliary epithelium of the eye, the pigmented cells express the α1β1 isoform of Na,K-ATPase, whereas the non-pigmented cells express mainly the α2β3 isoform of Na,K-ATPase. In principle, a Na,K-ATPase inhibitor with selectivity for α2 could effectively reduce intraocular pressure with only minimal local and systemic toxicity. Such an inhibitor could be applied topically provided it was su...

The evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance depends on the antibiotic pressure exerted in the microbial environment. Selective effects occur in selective compartments, where particular antibiotic concentrations result in a differential growth rate of resistant bacterial variants. This may happen even at very low antibiotic concentrations able to select low-level-resistant bacteria. When m...

Selective harvesting can cause evolutionary responses in populations via shifts in phenotypic characteristics, especially those affecting life history. Brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) cysts in Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, USA are commercially harvested with techniques that select against floating cysts. This selective pressure could cause evolutionary changes over time. Our objectives are to...

Evolutionary developmental biology (EVO-DEVO) tries to decode evolutionary constraints on the stages of embryonic development. Two models--the "funnel-like" model and the "hourglass" model--have been proposed by investigators to illustrate the fluctuation of selective pressure on these stages. However, selective indices of stages corresponding to mammalian preimplantation embryonic development ...

We have performed experiments with SKF 82526, a selective dopamine (DA1) receptor agonist to determine whether this compound would activate either ganglionic and/or central DA receptors. Bilateral hindlimb perfusion was carried out at controlled flow rates and changes in hindlimb perfusion pressure were recorded to evaluate the action of SKF 82526 on vascular resistance in anesthetized dogs. In...

background & objective: outpatient surgery can be performed by general or spinal anesthesia. spinal anesthetic drugs have side effects. many anesthesiologists choose general anesthesia, because of its relative predictability and to avoid undesirable side effects associated with spinal anesthesia. for example lidocaine is frequently associated with transient neuroligic symptoms (tns). bupivacain...

shape-selective methylation of naphthalene (naph) over sapo-11 zeolite was carried out in a fixed-bed flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. some zeolites, such as h-beta (hβ), husy and zsm-5 were also evaluated for comparison with sapo-11 zeolite.the results showed that sapo-11 exhibited higher stability, higher selectivity of  2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (2,6-dmn), and higher 2,6-/2,7-dmn ratio...

Activation of the parasympathetic pathway leads to negative chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic changes of heart function. The ability to selectively stimulate certain superficial compartments of peripheral nerves has been demonstrated previously. The aim of the present study was to find a clinically acceptable selective biphasic vagus nerve stimulation technique, which could allow gradual...

background thermal injury is associated with several biochemical and histopathological alteration in tissue. analysis of these objective parameters in research and clinical field are common to determine healing rate of burn wound. negative pressure wound therapy has been achieved wide success in treating chronic wounds. this study determines superficial burn wound healing with intermittent nega...