Minimal change nephropathy is relatively uncontroversial. This can be defined as the condition associated with the nephrotic syndrome in which glomeruli have no abnormality on light microscopy. Segmental sclerosing glomerular disorders are often called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, one of the most controversial terms in kidney disease. The tubular opening is the earliest site at which seg...

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 both occur in mosaic (segmental) forms. When NF1 (and other autosomal dominant skin disorders) 2 occurs in a linear, patchy, quadrant, or otherwise localised form, two different types of mosaicism can be distinguished. Type 1 segmental involvement reflects heterozygosity for a postzygotic mutation occurring in an otherwise healthy embryo. The segmental ...

OBJECTIVE Sometimes a vertebral artery (VA) enters the spinal canal via the C1-2 intervertebral space, a variation regarded as a C2 segmental-type VA. This paper describes the anatomy of the C2 segmental-type VA and reviews its clinical importance. METHODS Between March 2014 and November 2015, 3386 patients underwent computed tomographic angiography. I identified C2 segmental-type VAs, associ...

AIM To assess Cardio-respiratory fitness (CF) markers among university students using a 20m shuttle run test (SRT). METHODS Markers of CF were assessed in 80 males aged 21.4±1.8 years, randomly selected from Moi University, Kenya. Assessed at different stages of SRT protocol included heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP). VO2max was also determined. Data were anal...

Whole chromosomal and segmental uniparental disomy (UPD) is one of the causes of imprinting disorder and other recessive disorders. Most investigations of UPD were performed only using cases with relevant phenotypic features and included few markers. However, the diagnosis of cases with segmental UPD requires a large number of molecular investigations. Currently, the accurate frequency of whole...

Echocardiography is the most widely used noninvasive test for assessing the structure and function of the heart, accounting for 14% of overall Medicare expenditures for imaging in 2007.1 Despite the availability of a variety of validated quantitative methods for assessing chamber size and cardiac function, many elements of echocardiographic interpretation remain qualitative rather than quantita...

MOTIVATION Segmental duplications are common in mammalian genomes, but their evolutionary origins remain mysterious. A major difficulty in analyzing segmental duplications is that many duplications are complex mosaics of fragments of numerous other segmental duplications. RESULTS We introduce a novel measure called duplication distance that describes the minimum number of duplications necessa...