headache is one of the most common reason that children are referred to the pediatric neurology services. it is said that ten percent of children aged 5 to 15 years have migraine. subsequently, it is essential for clinician to have a through, comprehensive and systematic approach to the evaluation and management of the child or adolescent who complain of headache. this writing aims to explore t...

It is estimated that the number of HIV infected children globally has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 3.3 million in 2012. The number of children below 15 years of age living with HIV has increased worldwide. Published data from recent studies confirmed dramatic survival benefit for infants started anti-retroviral therapy (ART) as early as possible after diagnosis of HI. Early confirmatio...

In a diet, probiotics and prebiotics play an important role in regulating the immune response function through the intestinal microbiota, which in turn affects the immune system. While probiotics have been shown to reduce diseases, such as the flu, which is a respiratory infection. The National Health Commission of China and the National Bureau of Traditional Medicine of China recommend that pr...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between group A beta hemolytic streptococcus infection (GABHS) and tic disorders in children. METHODS This is a case-control study that was conducted in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic, Isfahan, Iran, between May 2008 and February 2009. Thirty-six children (aged 5-15) with tic and 36 children without tic and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) we...

Background: Laboratory examination of urine (urinalysis) is crucial in establishing various diagnoses. Urine can be done through macroscopic examination, including color, clarity, and microscopic sediment (U-sed) chemical such as glucose. insoluble elements erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, thorax, bacteria, crystals, fungi, parasites originating from the blood, kidneys, urinary tract...