BACKGROUND Two genetic 'pathways' contribute to the fidelity of nuclear segregation during the process of budding in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An early pathway, involving Kar9p and other proteins, orients the mitotic spindle along the mother-bud axis. Upon the onset of anaphase, cytoplasmic dynein provides the motive force for nuclear movement into the bud. Loss of either pathway resu...

The manner in which organisms adapt to climate change informs a broader understanding of the evolution of biodiversity as well as conservation and mitigation plans. We apply common garden and association mapping approaches to quantify genetic variance and identify loci affecting bud flush and bud set, traits that define a tree's season for height growth, in the boreal forest tree Populus balsam...

Hereditary Multiple Malformation (HMM) is a naturally occurring, autosomal recessive, homozygous lethal mutation found in Japanese quail. Homozygote embryos (hmm-/-) show polydactyly similar to talpid2 and talpid3 mutants. Here we characterize the molecular profile of the hmm-/- limb bud and identify the cellular mechanisms that cause its polydactyly. The hmm-/- limb bud shows a severe lack of ...

In perennial grasslands, the below-ground population of meristems (bud bank) plays a fundamental role in plant population dynamics. Here, we tested the 'meristem limitation hypothesis' prediction - that bud banks increase along an increasing precipitation/productivity gradient in North American grasslands - and assessed the seasonal dynamics of bud banks. We sampled bud and stem populations qua...

Novel green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling techniques targeting specific mRNA transcripts reveal discrete phases of mRNA localization in yeast: packaging, transport, and docking. In budding yeast, ASH1 mRNA is translocated via actin and myosin to the tip of growing cells. A GFP-decorated reporter transcript containing the ASH1 3 untranslated region gRNAASH1 forms spots of fluorescence local...

Each time Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells divide they ensure that both the mother and daughter cell inherit a vacuole by actively transporting a portion of the vacuole into the bud. As the mother cell begins budding, a tubular and vesicular segregation structure forms that is transported into the bud by the myosin V motor Myo2, which is bound to the vacuole-specific myosin receptor, Vac17 (41, 5...

Formins are conserved eukaryotic proteins that direct the nucleation and elongation of unbranched actin filaments. The yeast formins, Bni1p and Bnr1p, assemble actin cables from the bud cortex and bud neck, respectively, to guide overall cell polarity. Here we examine the regions of Bnr1p responsible for bud neck localization. We define two non-overlapping regions, Bnr1p-L1 (1-466) and Bnr1p-L2...

BACKGROUND Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of budesonide/formoterol (BUD/FORM) for Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (SMART®) for asthma control. However, there are concerns regarding its over-use and effectiveness. OBJECTIVE To examine asthma control and over-use of BUD/FORM in real-life situations. METHODS This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional and multi-center design....

Actin cables, bundles of actin filaments that align along the long axis of budding yeast, are crucial for establishment of cell polarity. We fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) to actin binding protein 140 (Abp140p) and visualized actin cable dynamics in living yeast. We detected two populations of actin cables: (i) bud-associated cables, which extend from the bud along the mother-bud axis, a...

Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) is known to be involved in the detachment of myogenic precursor cells from the lateral dermomyotomes and their subsequent migration into the newly formed limb buds. As yet, however, nothing has been known about the role of the persistent expression of SF/HGF in the limb bud mesenchyme during later stages of limb bud development. To test for a pot...