Dynamics of polyzwitterions remains largely unclear. We have prepared zwitterionic poly[1-(3-sulphopropyl) betaine-2-vinylpyridinium] (PSB) and investigated its dynamics in aqueous solution as a function of added salt (NaCl) concentration (Cs) by dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) and sedimentation velocity (SV) in analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). A fast and a slow mode can be observed b...

Expected from theory and simulations, depletion of ions at fuzzy biomembrane interfaces has long eluded experiments. Here, we show how salt exclusion can be accurately measured by surprisingly simple yet accurate benchtop measurements. Multilamellar aggregates of common phospholipids sink in low salt but float in salt solutions that are much less dense than the lipid itself. By manipulating bat...

Under high salt conditions, plant growth is severely inhibited due to both osmotic and ionic stresses. In an effort to dissect genes and pathways that respond to changes in osmotic potential under salt stress, the expression patterns were compared of 460 non-redundant salt-responsive genes in barley during the initial phase under osmotic versus salt stress using cDNA microarrays with northern b...

The stability of weak polyelectrolytes end grafted to a planar surface has been studied with a molecular theory. The effective quality of the solvent is found to depend on the interplay between polymer grafting density, acid-base equilibrium, and salt concentration. Our results reveal that increasing salt concentration results in a thermodynamically more stable layer. This reverse salt effect i...

We demonstrated previously that the blood pressure of patients with IgA nephropathy becomes salt sensitive as renal damage progresses. We also showed that increased urinary angiotensinogen levels in such patients closely correlate with augmented renal tissue angiotensinogen gene expression and angiotensin II levels. Here, we investigated the relationship between urinary angiotensinogen and salt...

Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green alga thriving in environments ranging from fresh water to hyper-saline lakes, such as the Dead Sea. An unusual, internally duplicated, 60 kDa alpha-type carbonic anhydrase (dCA I), located on the surface of this alga, is expected to function over a broad range of salinities. It would therefore differ from other carbonic anhydrases that already lose activ...

-Normotensive salt sensitivity, a putative precursor of hypertension, might be quite frequent in African Americans (blacks) and less frequent in Caucasian Americans (whites), but only when dietary potassium is deficient and not when maintained well within the normal range. We tested this hypothesis in 41 metabolically controlled studies of 38 healthy normotensive men (24 blacks, 14 whites) who ...

We demonstrated previously that the blood pressure of patients with IgA nephropathy becomes salt sensitive as renal damage progresses. We also showed that increased urinary angiotensinogen levels in such patients closely correlate with augmented renal tissue angiotensinogen gene expression and angiotensin II levels. Here, we investigated the relationship between urinary angiotensinogen and salt...

The amount of salt-affected agricultural land is increasing globally, so new crop varieties are needed that can grow in salt-affected soils. Despite concerted effort to develop salt-tolerant cereal crops, few commercially viable salt-tolerant crops have been released. This is puzzling, given the number of naturally salt-tolerant grass species. To better understand why salt-tolerance occurs natu...

 We performed molecular dynamics simulations using the coarse-grained model to study the freezing behavior of pure water and 14% water-salt mixture in a wide range of temperatures for a very long time around 50 nanoseconds. For the salty water, an interface in nanoscale was used. For both systems, the f...