We refine the concept of stochastic reach avoidance for a general class Markov processes introducing threshold p reaching probability. This new problem is called -safety, and it aims to ensure that given process reaches forbidden set before leaving its ‘working’ state space with probability less than . In situation when an initial measure characterizes states, variant -safety put forward. call ...

Implantable image sensors have several biomedical applications due to their miniature size, light weight, and low power consumption achieved through sub-micron standard CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technologies. The main applications are in specific cell labeling, neural activity detection, and biomedical imaging. In this paper the recent research studies on implantable CMOS i...

background: hospitals in iran are not prepared for disasters the aim of this study was to determine the effect of training functional and nonstructural hospital safety to nurses and their intervention on hospital preparedness in psychiatric razi hospital and day hospital in tehran based on hospital safety index (hsi). materials  and  methods:  this  semi-experimental  study  included  nurse  ma...

BACKGROUND Reporting all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) in substance use disorder (SUD) clinical trials has yielded limited relevant safety information and has been burdensome to research sites. OBJECTIVE This article describes a new strategy utilizing standard data elements for AE and SAEs that defines a threshold to reduce unnecessary safety reporting burden in SUD c...

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Young children are required to use child safety seats, and the age threshold at which children can legally graduate to seat belts has steadily increased. This article tests the relative effectiveness of child safety seats, lap-and-shoulder seat belts, and lap belts in preventing injuries among motor vehicle passengers aged 2–6 yr. We analyze three large, representative samples of crashes report...

The statistical test of the conventional hypothesis of "no treatment effect" is commonly used in the evaluation of mutagenicity experiments. Failing to reject the hypothesis often leads to the conclusion in favour of safety. The major drawback of this indirect approach is that what is controlled by a prespecified level alpha is the probability of erroneously concluding hazard (producer risk). H...