Mendelian randomisation is a technique for assessing causal associations in observational data. Genetic variants associated with the risk factor of interest are regarded in a similar way to random assignment in a clinical trial. The difference in the risk factor due to the genetic variation, however, is materially distinct from the change due to any proposed therapeutic intervention and so migh...

in this paper, the security of a distance bounding protocol is analyzed which has been recently proposed by jannati and falahati (so-called jf). we prove that an adversary can recover key bits of jf protocol with probability of “1” while the complexity of attack is “2n” runs of protocol. in addition, we propose an improved protocol and prove that the improved protocol is resistant to mafia frau...

in this article the impact of mulla sadra’s philosophical opinions concerning necessary being on his understanding of the qur’anic verses is critically reviewed. to this end, all exegetical and philosophical books of mulla sadra have been studied and the instances in which he has–under the influence of the above opinions– inferred meanings other that the apparent meanings from the qur’anic vers...

Detection and assessment of the effect of a modifiable risk factor on a disease with view to informing public health intervention policies are of fundamental concern in aetiological epidemiology. In order to have solid evidence that such a public health intervention has the desired effect, it is necessary to ascertain that an observed association or correlation between a risk factor and a disea...

this paper compares epistemic virtue from the viewpoints of zagzebski and mulla sadra, aiming to determine the extent to which their viewpoints on epistemic virtue are similar. zagzebski, the contemporary philosopher, considers epistemic virtue as the basis on which knowledge is interpreted. she sees epistemic virtue as a requirement for achieving knowledge. mulla sadra, the founder of transcen...

comparison of mula sadra’s epistemology theory and virtual epistemology theories of zagzebski and platinga infers that the former’s theory can be categorized as a virtual epistemology. platinga believes in virtue of forming faculties and zagzebski believes in function of intellectual power in forming episteme. in fact, both of them believe is some aspects of the elements effective in formation ...

Man-in-the-middle attack is used wildly as a method of attacking the network. To discover how this type of attack works, this paper describes a method of man-in-the-middle attack based on ARP spoofing, and proposes a method of preventing such attacks.

Let π = π1π2 · · · πn be any permutation of length n, we say a descent πiπi+1 is a lower, middle, upper if there exists j > i + 1 such that πj < πi+1, πi+1 < πj < πi, πi < πj, respectively. Similarly, we say a rise πiπi+1 is a lower, middle, upper if there exists j > i + 1 such that πj < πi, πi < πj < πi+1, πi+1 < πj, respectively. In this paper we give an explicit formula for the generating fu...