PURPOSE OF REVIEW We have reviewed the evidence published on botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A), percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), and sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in the management of overactive bladder (OAB). RECENT FINDINGS BoNT/A is effective irrespectively of the number of previous anticholinergic treatments and of the reason for failure. Doses up to 360U 3-monthly are well tolerat...

AIMS Chronic pudendal nerve stimulation (CPNS) is a logical alternative particularly in those who fail sacral stimulation. We evaluated symptoms, complications, and satisfaction after CPNS. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients having a tined lead placed at the pudendal nerve via the ischial-rectal approach. Demographics, history, complications, and pre-implant voiding diary data were ...

conclusions our results support the use of pns in some patients with refractory chronic headaches. appropriate surgical planning and technique are important to achieve good clinical outcome and to minimize complications. background subcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (pns) has emerged as a useful tool in the treatment of intractable headaches. however, complications such as skin erosion, ...

While neuromodulation is a well-established treatment option for patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder and urinary retention, its applicability to the neurogenic bladder population has only recently been examined more in depth. In this article we will discuss the outcomes, contraindications, and special considerations of sacral and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in patie...

BACKGROUND Sacral nerve stimulation is a therapeutic option with demonstrated efficacy for conditions presenting with perineal pain caused by different etiologies. We aimed to assess whether a sacral electrode (InterStim®, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) inserted through the caudal pathway is able to offer an acceptable level of sacral stimulation and rate of catheter migration. METHODS We p...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate neuroprotective effect of sacral neuromodulation in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model in the histological and functional aspects. METHODS Twenty-one female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups : the normal control group (CTL, n=7), the SCI with sham stimulation group (SCI, n=7), and the SCI with electrical stimulation (SCI...

BACKGROUND Gut mucosal blood flow measurement is used to study a variety of disorders and possibly extrinsic neural function. AIMS To determine optimal measurement criteria and validate this technique as a measure of level of activity of extrinsic autonomic gut innervation. METHODS In 26 healthy volunteers a laser Doppler mucosal probe was applied 10 cm from the anus. Response to inhaled sa...