The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is an important site of opioid actions and forms part of an analgesic pathway that projects to the spinal cord. The neuronal mechanisms by which opioids act within this brain region remain unclear, particularly in relation to the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin. In the present study, we examined serotonergic and GABAergic immunoreactivity, identified ...

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), provide an essential neural circuit for opioid-produced antinociception. Recent anatomical studies have reported that the projections from the PAG to the RVM are sexually dimorphic and that systemic administration of morphine significantly suppresses pain-induced activation of the P...

Brainstem descending control is crucial in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition in spinal sensory networks. In the adult, descending inhibition of spinal dorsal horn circuits arising from the brainstem rostroventral medial medulla (RVM) is targeted to neurons with a strong nociceptive C fibre input. Before the fourth postnatal week, the RVM exerts a net facilitation of spinal ne...

OBJECTIVES Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) antagonist has been shown to inhibit stress-induced analgesia. However the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been totally demonstrated. This study was performed to investigate the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) orexin receptor 1 in stress-induced analgesia (SIA). MATERIALS AND ...

Anatomical and physiological studies conducted in the 1960s identified the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and spinal cord dorsal horn, as a primary anatomical pathway mediating opioid-based analgesia. Since these initial studies, the PAG-RVM-spinal cord pathway has been characterized anatomically and physiologically in a wide r...

High Level Language Virtual Machines is a core topic of interest for the researchers who are into virtual execution environments. As an open source virtual machine released to 16 universities, as early as 2001, Jikes RVM has been a major drive for many researches. While working on this project, we studied the JIT compilation of Jikes RVM as well as the Garbage Collection (GC) which is handled b...

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) modulates nociception through changes in the activity of two classes of neuron, ON- and OFF-cells. The activity of these neurons is regulated, in part, by input from the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The objective of this study was to determine whether PAG-mediated antinociception is associated with excitation of both ON- and OFF-cells in the RVM. Microinject...

Descending control of nociceptive processing in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) has been implicated in the inhibition and facilitation of spinal nociceptive transmission. Here we investigated the contribution of serotonergic (5-HT) pathway at the RVM to pruritic behavior. Selective lesion of the descending serotonergic pathway by intra-RVM injection of focal neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytrypt...

As one of the classification methods, the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) can solve the problems of poor sparseness and lack of probability prediction factors in Support Vector Machine (SVM). To overcome the problem of experience-based parameters selection for RVM, a kind of RVM based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed, which includes the model parameter estimation, training and mo...

Write OK for the valuation ting, MK for the maximal ideal of K and kK for the residue field. Let us fix $ some uniformizer of K. We denote by acm : K → OK/(MK) the map sending some nonzero x ∈ K to x$−ord(x) mod MK , and sending zero to zero. This is a definable map. We denote by RV the union of K×/(1 +MK) and {0} and by rv : K → RV the quotient map. More generally, if m ∈ N∗, we set RVm = K×/(...