The present study was aimed at understanding a shift in rumen microbiome of buffaloes fed various levels of total digestible nutrients. To understand the process, the metagenomics of rumen microbes, in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation studies were carried out. Three rumen fistulated adult male Murrah buffaloes were fed three isonitrogenous diets varying in total digestible nutrients (70, 85...

Hydrogen is a key product of rumen fermentation and has been suggested to thermodynamically control the production of the various volatile fatty acids (VFA). Previous studies, however, have not accounted for the fact that only thermodynamic near-equilibrium conditions control the magnitude of reaction rate. Furthermore, the role of NAD, which is affected by hydrogen partial pressure (PH2), has ...

Unique stomach physiology allows ruminants to utilise any form of dietary nitrogen (N) as a protein source. Ruminant N requirements can be divided into for microbial fermentation and host amino acids. diets often contain non-protein (NPN) compounds, group components that are not proteins but converted by rumen microbes. Therefore, NPN compounds in ruminant serve alternative sources ammoniacal (...

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are considered to be one of the more potent forms of greenhouses gases contributing to global warming. Many strategies to reduce emissions are targeting the methanogens that inhabit the rumen, but such an approach can only be successful if it targets all the major groups of ruminant methanogens. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the diversity of these ...

Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are considered to be one of the more potent forms of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Many strategies to reduce emissions are targeting the methanogens that inhabit the rumen, but such an approach can only be successful if it targets all the major groups of ruminant methanogens. Therefore, basic knowledge of the diversity of these microb...

High-producing ruminants are fed high amounts of cereal grains, at the expense of dietary fiber, to meet their high energy demands. Grains consist mainly of starch, which is easily degraded in the rumen by microbial glycosidases, providing energy for rapid growth of rumen microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as the main energy source for the host. Yet, low dietary fiber contents and the ...

Determining the role of rumen microbes and their enzymes in plant polysaccharide breakdown is fundamental to understanding digestion and maximising productivity in ruminant animals. Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316(T) is a gram-positive, butyrate-forming rumen bacterium with a key role in plant polysaccharide degradation. The 4.4 Mb genome consists of 4 replicons; a chromosome, a chromid and t...

Introduction. The toxic nonprotein amino acid mimosine present in Leucaena leucocephala is degraded by rumen bacteria to produce another toxic compound, 3-hydroxy-4(lH)-pyridone (3,4-dihydroxypyridine, or 3,4-DHP). In some, but not all, geographic areas ruminants are colonized by bacteria that degrade 3,4-DHP, and actions of these microbes protect their host animals from leucaena toxicosis (Jon...

Tannase, so called Tannin Acyl Hydrolase (TAH) (E.C.3.1.1.20) is one of the versatile biocatalyst with several industrial applications. It is solely responsible for the degradation of hydrolysable tannin thus surpassing the untoward effects of high concentration of tannin consumption in the gut of small ruminants. In the locality of Palampur the migratory goats and sheep have the unique propert...

A high concentrate diet was fed at 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1% of body weight to four Angus steers (258 kg) equipped with cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum. As level of feed intake increased, flow of N, nonammonia N, microbial N and feed N to the small intestine increased linearly (P less than .05). Bypass of feed N increased from 44 to 71% of fed N. At the highest intake level, rum...