Structural and functional studies of ligand-RTK interactions over the last decade highlight the importance of multiple binding events and associated conformational changes in RTK ectodomains that are required for kinase activation. These events vary in strength, and even weak interactions appear to provide necessary increments of increased stability to a signal transduction process whose comple...

Improved accuracy and reliability of the user coordinates is expected if GNSS data is processed using the networkRTK technique. Some implementations of conventional network-RTK require bi-directional communications such as GSM/GPRS since the network server transmits network-corrections to a rover, while the rover is required to transmit its (approximate) coordinate information to the server. Th...

Abstract Currently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematic positioning (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques are widely employed for real-time monitoring of landslides. However, both RTK PPP have their limitations, such as limited service coverage or long convergence times. PPP-RTK technique which integrates is a novel approach landslides with the advantage...

The linotte (lio) mutant was first isolated as a memory mutant. The lio gene encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), homologous to the human protein RYK. This gene has been independently identified in a screen for embryonic nervous system axonal guidance defects and called derailed (drl). Here, we report that linotte mutants present structural brain defects in the adult central compl...

Robust biological signaling networks evolved, through gene duplications, from simple, relatively fragile cascades. Architectural features such as layered configuration, branching and modularity, as well as functional characteristics (e.g., feedback control circuits), enable fail-safe performance in the face of internal and external perturbations. These universal features are exemplified here us...

As a significant space–time infrastructure, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides high-precision positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) information to users all over world. However, GNSS real-time kinematic (RTK) mobile receiver signal attenuation is obvious in complex environments such as under trees, urban canyons, indoors, among others, it incapable of meeting demand mult...

Xmrk encodes a subclass I receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) which has been cloned from the melanoma-inducing locus Tu of the poeciliid fish Xiphophorus. To demonstrate a high oncogenic potential in vivo we transferred the gene into early embryos of the closely related medakafish. Ectopic expression of the Xmrk oncogene under the control of a strong, constitutive promoter (CMVTk) led to the inducti...

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) decreases Na(+) reabsorption across distal nephron epithelia. Activity of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is limiting for Na(+) transport in this portion of the nephron. Abnormal ENaC activity and EGF signaling are both associated with polycystic kidney disease localized to the distal nephron. We tested here whether EGF and other ligands for receptor tyrosine k...