Old Dongola, with a history reaching back to the 5th century AD, was originally capital of Makuria, one three medieval Nubian kingdoms. After collapse its city saw migratory movements and political changes that resulted in emergence new power relations. In 16th 17th centuries, seat local ruler subordinate Funj Sultanate. New communities emerged this setting inhabited until colonial era. This pa...

OBJECTIVES Puberty is a key transitional phase of the human life course, with important biological and social connotations. Novel methods for the identification of the pubertal growth spurt and menarche in skeletal remains have recently been proposed (Shapland and Lewis, 2013, 2014). In this study we applied the methods to two Romano-British cemetery samples (1st-early 5th centuries AD) in orde...

In times of violence, people tend to hide their valuables, which are later recovered unless the owners had been killed or driven away. Thus, the temporal distribution of unrecovered coin hoards is an excellent proxy for the intensity of internal warfare. We use this relationship to resolve a long-standing controversy in Roman history. Depending on who was counted in the early Imperial censuses ...

barghawatah were from among the religious suffriya berbers, who, relying on the simple-mindedness of the tribes and their dissatisfaction with the political situation established a state in far maghrib in the first half of 2nd/8th century by propagating an eclectic doctrinal tenet and claiming mahdi and continued until mid-5th/9th century. strategies of doctrinal discourses of barghawatah’s sta...

Nicomedia and Constantinople, the two largest cities of Roman Empire on Marmara coast, drew attention as very rich developed metropoleis in 3rd 4th centuries. These cities, which were successor capitals, also attracted aristocrats, scholars, orators statesmen period with their cultural environment. The sophist Libanius Antioch, who lived both these gives valuable information about cities. Orati...

This paper responds to recent scholarship by Willem Jongman and Geoffrey Kron that has tried to make a case for elevated levels of prosperity and physical wellbeing in the first two centuries of the Roman imperial monarchy. The relevance of various putative indicators is critiqued. Demographic data as well as anthropometric evidence consistently point to high levels of morbidity and mortality a...

The St. Nicholas Church in Zamość has a history of belonging to various religions and rituals. It was built at the beginning 17th century as an Orthodox church serving community living city. At 18th century, handed over Basilians, who monastery by church, which operated until 1865. In 1720, synod Unitarian Republic Poland held Nicholas’ Church. After dissolution monasteries Kingdom Poland, take...

one of the aims of politics is the prevention of violence and establishment of peace. in the twentieth century, political thinkers and scholars in diplomacy and international law have devised various techniques to achieve this aim. however, such an attempt has not been limited to the modern era, and classic thinkers both in the east and the west have also thought about such techniques. ibn-i fa...

According to medieval records, on 1 June 949 a devastating wildfire swept across the northern Meseta, with notable intensity in Bureba region of northeastern Castile. This study examines possible causes conflagration special emphasis anthropogenic factors. In more modern and better documented conflagrations, human mismanagement woodland, leading disastrous build up fuel years before fire, is co...