When random numbers are needed, kernel level threads can use at least one of two random number generators (RNGs), called LRNG and MD5 PRNG. LRNG is a well-known cryptographic RNG accessed via /dev/(u)random and MD5 PRNG provides a function interface get_random_int(). While the /dev/(u)random has been investigated a lot, MD5 PRNG had been regarded as a less important one. In this paper, we demon...

For simplicity, we adopt the following rules: X denotes a non empty set, F denotes a sequence of partial functions from X into R with the same dom, s1, s2, s3 denote sequences of extended reals, x denotes an element of X, a, r denote extended real numbers, and n, m, k denote natural numbers. We now state several propositions: (1) If for every natural number n holds s2(n) ≤ s3(n), then inf rng s...

Feedstock resources for renewable natural gas (RNG) production by biological (e.g., anaerobic digestion) and thermochemical gasification) conversion methods in Hawaii have been reviewed. Statewide estimates of RNG potential from urban (wastewater, existing landfills, foodwaste, construction demolition waste (CDW), municipal solid waste) total 8860 TJ year−1. Honolulu has the largest resource ba...

Human subjects typically deviate systematically from randomness when attempting to produce a sequence of random numbers. Despite an increasing number of behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies on random number generation (RNG), its structural correlates have never been investigated. We set out to fill this gap in 44 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease whose impact on RNG has...

The recently reported violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electronic spins in diamonds (Hensen et al., Nature 526, 682-686) provided the first loophole-free evidence against local-realist theories of nature. Here we report on data from a second Bell experiment using the same experimental setup with minor modifications. We find a violation of the CHSH-Bell inequality of 2.35 ± 0.18, i...

One can prove the following propositions: (1) For all functions f , g, h such that dom f ∩ dom g ⊆ domh holds f+·g+·h = g+·f+·h. (2) For all functions f , g, h such that f ⊆ g and rng h ∩ dom g ⊆ dom f holds g · h = f · h. (3) For all functions f , g, h such that dom f ⊆ rng g and dom f misses rng h and g domh misses dom f holds f · (g+·h) = f · g. (4) For all functions f1, f2, g1, g2 such that...

For simplicity, we use the following convention: i, n denote natural numbers, a, r, x, y denote real numbers, A denotes a closed-interval subset of R, C denotes a non empty set, and X denotes a set. We now state several propositions: (1) For every element D of divsA such that vol(A) = 0 holds lenD = 1. (2) χA,A is integrable on A and integralχA,A = vol(A). (3) For every partial function f from ...

The present work considers the modeling of turbulent flow in reed type valves of reciprocating compressors and is based on a simplified geometry of the actual valve, that is, a radial diffuser with axial feeding. Despite its simplicity the geometry chosen for the analysis has important flow features present in practical geometries. Due to its claimed capability to predict flow including feature...

Random number generators (RNG) play an important role in many sensor network systems and applications, such as those requiring secure and robust communications. In this paper, we develop a high-security and high-throughput hardware true random number generator, called PUFKEY, which consists of two kinds of physical unclonable function (PUF) elements. Combined with a conditioning algorithm, true...

We report a 12.5 Gb/s physical random number generator (RNG) that uses high-speed threshold detection of the spectrally-sliced incoherent light produced by a fiber amplifier. The system generates a large-amplitude, easily measured, fluctuating signal with bandwidth that is constrained only by the optical filter and electrical detector used. The underlying physical process (spontaneous emission)...