The current state of the art on studying whey is considered. processes and methods processing (thermal, chemical, physicochemical, biotechnological, electrophysical) are presented. Thermal isoelectric precipitation proteins, using reagents coagulants, as well main membrane (reverse osmosis, diafiltration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration) described. Possibi-lities effective sepa...

Studies of the future competitiveness of reverse electrodialysis (RED) with other energy technologies show that the projected levelized cost of electricity realized through current stack designs is prohibitively high. Despite these high projected costs, RED maintains other advantages namely, the harnessing of a renewable and non-intermittent energy resource, the emissions-free operation, the di...

Salinity gradient energy is a prominent alternative and maintainable source, which has considerable potential. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) one of the most widely studied methods to extract this energy. Despite progress in research, optimization RED process still ongoing. In study, effects number membrane pairs, ratio salinity feed velocity on power generation via reverse system were investiga...

Within an electrodialysis unit, the solutions are separated by alternately arranged anion exchange membranes (permeable only for anions) and cation exchange membranes (permeable only for cations). The membranes are arranged parallel to one another to form an electrodialysis stack. When a potential is applied across the selectively permeable membrane stack, anions selectively move through the an...

The use of ion-exchange membranes to concentrate sea water and to produce fresh water from brine has been investigated for about one quarter-century and has now achieved the practical stage. The entire domestic supply of table salt in Japan is produced by electrodialysis. Many positive results on production of fresh water from brine have been attained in the U.S., the Mediterranean regions and ...

Salinity gradient energy (SGE) refers to the energy created from the difference in salt concentration between two streams. There are three types of SGE namely, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CapMix). All these technologies require membrane for the system to be operational. In this short review, the membranes modifications for each principl...

Deep seawater is a valuable renewable resource. Due to its outstanding characteristics (i.e., clean, nutrient-rich and cold), deep seawater has been utilized in various subjects, such as mariculture, agriculture, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, medical, and renewable energy. As a result, deep seawater utilization cannot be separated from membrane technologies. Reverse osmosis has become the ...

Ion-exchange membranes have been used in various industrial processes, e.g., in the electrodialytic concentration of seawater to produce edible salt, as a separator for electrolysis, in the desalination of saline water by electrodialysis, in the separation of ionic materials from non-ionic materials by electrodialysis, in the recovery of acid and alkali from waste acid and alkali solution by di...