Wine is an extensively traded product that a common target for retaliation in trade disputes. We analyze the impact of tariffs and tariff by estimating structural gravity model global wine trade. then simulate effects retaliation, as well liberalization, on welfare international market wine. show recent disputes threaten to reduce nearly $340 million annually significantly consumer welfare, whi...

Altruistic punishment is suggested to explain observed high levels of cooperation among non-kin related humans. However, laboratory experiments as well as ethnographic evidence suggest that people might retaliate if being punished, and that this reduces the level of cooperation. Building on existing models on the evolution of cooperation and altruistic punishment, we explore the consequences of...

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Interactive paradigms inducing reactive aggression are absent in the brain mapping literature. We used a competitive reaction time task to investigate brain regions involved in social interaction and reactive aggression in sixteen healthy male subjects with fMRI. Subjects were provoked by increasingly aversive stimuli and were given the opportunity to respond aggressively against their opponent...

is somewhat exploratory. An experimental game with options to attack and to retaliate was presented to 196 college students. A 2 X 3 factorial design explored the effects of accidental attack, expected iteration, social influence, and timing conditions upon the incidence of retaliation. Measures of authoritarianism, orientation to military-political strategy, and attitudes relating to nuclear w...

This paper analyzes the influence of domestic political considerations by disputing governments on the WTO enforcement outcome, following a violation ruling against the defendant. Since a different mix of import or export sectors in the disputing countries will benefit from the alternative enforcement outcomes – compliance, compensation, retaliation, and the status quo, they become competing fo...