We encounter with some pronouns in the Holy Quran that are with no reference. Of course this makes mind search for their reference with regard to the verses’ meaning and intention, otherwise it views as subjective interpretation of Quranic text. One of these cases is the pronoun ‘this’ in (7: 43) in which anyone who is in Paradise says: “All praise is due to Allah who gu...

Institutional Christianity is in crisis about ‘sexuality’. Its detractors in the supposedly secularized and liberal climes of Northern Europe, who nonetheless yearn for what they call a satisfying ‘spirituality’, see this crisis as a sign of its failure to engage the contemporary world. Its conservative defenders, to be found mainly in religiously observant parts of North America and throughout...

Famous medieval philosophers Al-Sijistani and Maimonides argued that the use of double negation helps us to better understand issues related to theology. To a modern reader, however, their arguments are somewhat obscure and unclear. We show that these arguments can be drastically clarified if we take into account the 20 century use of double negation in constructive logic. 1 Double Negation The...

It seems odd that after 370 years or so, since Descartes published his Meditations (1641), we are still wrestling with his thought. Not just philosophers, but scientists who study the mind, as well (see, e.g., Edelman 2006). By the time Descartes himself arrives at his Sixth Meditation, he is wresting with his own thought. Insofar as he defined the self as a thinking thing (res cogitans) in the...