introduction: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic, autoimmune, and inflammatory nervous system disease. it leads to the loss of myelin in the white matter of brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. as a chronic disease with sudden and unpredictable side effects and complications of the disease will lead to disability and dependency in life. causes neurologic symptoms and sig. the purpose of the p...

background: several studies have shown that attentional bias plays a role in the beginning, persistence and relapse of substance abuse disorder. therefore, identifying the factors related to attentional bias in substance abusers is important. in so doing, the present study was aimed at examining the relationship between attentional bias, anxiety sensitivity and metacognitive beliefs in substanc...

Both responsibility beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty have been implicated in compulsive checking behavior. Despite this, the exact relationship of these two variables with compulsive checking behavior is yet to be determined. Using a mixed sample of individuals consisting of compulsive checkers as well as non-clinical participants, we assessed the validity of a mediation model in which th...

Using the 2009 Swine Flu outbreak as a contemporary example of pandemic fears, this study examined the relationship between various symptoms related to anxiety sensitivity and Swine Flu fears. It was hypothesized that both obsessive–compulsive (OC) beliefs and OC symptoms would significantly predict Swine Flu fears. It was also hypothesized that symptoms of anxiety, including measures of anxiet...

A decision maker is asked to quantify her beliefs over a state space by a probability vector. We focus on the relationship between her data base and her beliefs. We show that, if beliefs given a union of two databases are a convex combination of beliefs given each of the databases, the belief formation process follows a simple formula: beliefs are normalized similarity-weighted aggregation of t...

The relationship between beliefs and knowledge is usually left undefined in educational papers. Furinghetti & Pehkonen (2002) point out that when discussing on beliefs it is better distinguish between objective (formal, public) knowledge and subjective (informal, personal) knowledge. Here we understand beliefs as an individual’s subjective knowledge and emotions concerning objects and their rel...

Bayesian techniques specify how to update beliefs about a variable given information on that variable or related variables. In many cases, statistical analyses also provide information about the relationship between variables, but the Borel Paradox prohibits many natural ways of updating beliefs conditioned on information about a relationship. This paper presents a method by which beliefs can b...

Recent articles by Erich Goode (2000) and Glenn Sparks (2001) discussed the relationship between religious and paranormal beliefs. Goode proposes that they share a common foundation of belief in phenomena that are outside conventional science. Sparks is less certain of a relationship between traditional religion and paranormal beliefs. However, both writers agree that there are multiple dimensi...