osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. in addition to morbidity, osteoporotic fractures also increase mortality risk in affected patients. enough evidence is not available to indicate that, like western countries, osteoporosis is a public health problem in iran. therefore emrc planned to estimate the burden of osteoporotic fractures in year 2001 based on existing sources of dat...

This article provides a comprehensive conceptual analysis of information. It begins with folk notion that information is tripartite phenomenon: something carried by signals about for some use. suggests has three main aspects: structural, referential, and normative. I analyze the individually necessary jointly sufficient conditions defining these aspects consider formal theories relating to each...

Manuscript received: 16 February 2005 Communicating Editor: Mirka Miller Copyright© 2006, Australian Computer Society Inc. General permission to republish, but not for profit, all or part of this material is granted, provided that the JRPIT copyright notice is given and that reference is made to the publication, to its date of issue, and to the fact that reprinting privileges were granted by pe...

Querying databases with incomplete or inconsistent content remains a broad and difficult problem. In this work, we study how to improve aggregations computed on databases with referential errors in the context of database integration, where each source database has different tables, columns with similar content across multiple databases, but different referential integrity constraints. Thus, a ...

(2) Socrates is a man are semantic, and not merely syntactic, constituents of (1); someone who does not understand that name or that predicate does not understand (1). In this respect (1) differs from the metalinguistic “Socrates is a man” is a necessary truth in English. (b) Intuitively, also, (1) results from the application of a sentential operator “necessarily” to (2) at least somewhat as S...