Abstract To understand the importance and necessity of studying objective information, in this chapter, it will first analyzes similarities dissimilarities between information subjective knowledge, then introduces basic forms finally gives role information.

Two of the most widely used statistical methods for analyzing categorical outcome variables are linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression. While both are appropriate for the development of linear classification models, linear discriminant analysis makes more assumptions about the underlying data. Hence, it is assumed that logistic regression is the more flexible and more robust metho...

Complex, dynamic environments present special challenges to autonomous agents. Specifically, agents have difficulty when the world does not cooperate with design assumptions. We present an approach to autonomy that seeks to maximize robustness rather than optimality on a specific task. Goaldriven autonomy involves recognizing possibly new problems, explaining what causes the problems and genera...

This article explores cross-cultural challenges that arise when university and community members collaborate in community-based participatory research. As part of a project for primary prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, researchers trained community leaders to jointly develop a research question and conduct a pilot qualitative study in a Puerto Rican community in Massac...

We propose an algorithm for automated recognition of computationally constructed curves and discuss several aspects of the recognition problem. Recognizing loci means determining a single implicit polynomial equation and geometric invariants, characterizing an algebraic curve which is given by a discrete set of sample points. Starting with these discrete samples arising from a geometric ruler a...

The durability of economic relationships, such as employment or family relationships, is influenced by agents’ willingness to “commit” by making match-specific investments or arrangements. This paper shows that many properties of optimal decisions and comparative statics in such models are quite robust, emerging from the abstract structure of commitment decisions rather than specific assumption...

Embracing religious belief and societal norms, in addition to state laws policies, covenantal pluralism has the potential address key limitations of existing approaches dealing with diversity. Nevertheless, it also shares some problems other ideals. Notably, demands seem too onerous for most world, relying as they do on population recognizing value pluralism. This article explores possibilities...

The historical development of concepts of causality in philosophy is described. Since the Enlightenment and the growth of science, exponents of the two most important concepts, determinism and teleology, have been in conflict. At the inception of psychoanalysis at the end of the nineteenth century this conflict was particularly intense. It was the cause of the first major schism in psychoanalys...