We show that in the Maxwell-Lorentz theory of classical electrodynamics most initial values for fields and particles lead to an ill-defined dynamics, as they exhibit singularities or discontinuities along light-cones. This phenomenon suggests Maxwell equations Lorentz force law ought rather be read a system delay differential equations, is, relate function its derivatives at different times. ma...

Simple equations are derived to carry out degree of freedom analyses quickly and almost mechanically, using easily countable physical entities. It is shown that the outlet stream freedom does not depend on the number of component substances, and in many cases not on the number of phases. The concept of phase constraint is introduced to facilitate the degree of freedom analysis.

By showing that transitions may be obviated by recruiting degrees of freedom in the coupled pendulum paradigm, the authors reveal a novel mechanism for coordinative flexibility. In Experiment 1, participants swung pairs of unconstrained pendulums in 2 planes of motion (sagittal and frontal) at 8 movement frequencies starting from either an in-phase or antiphase mode. Few transitions were observ...

This paper did a survey in the area of degrees of freedom (DoF) in wireless network. We give the definitions of degrees of freedom in different areas first. Then we introduce some methods used to determine the degrees of freedom in different scenario. In section IV, we discuss the applications of the degrees of freedom. We state some interesting open questions in the end of this survey.