An extensive literature documents the existence of pervasive and persistent child health, development, and health care disparities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Disparities experienced during childhood can result in a wide variety of health and health care outcomes, including adult morbidity and mortality, indicating that it is crucial to examine the influence of dispariti...

Neural tube defects (NTD) are one of the most important malformations of newborns. The aim of this research is to determine the rates of NTD, anencephaly and spina bifida cystica and the relations of these abnormalities to the factors including sex, race, ethnicity, maternal age and familial marriage in the south-east of the Caspian Sea border. A three-year descriptive-analytic and cross-s...

IN A 1992 JAMA COMMENTARY, OSborne and Feit challenged journal editors to “do no harm” in publishing studies of racial differences. Invoking the Hippocratic oath, they urged authors to write about race in a way that does not perpetuate racism. Some researchers and policy analysts have argued eloquently against the use of racial/ethnic categories in biomedicine, suggesting that classifying peopl...