Abstract This article introduces Julius Heise’s Marche Triomphale which reveals a history that was eliminated during the nineteenth century race theory publications. Beginning with an account of Iranians’ encounters European military music, this provides brief Iranian bands in style, or muzikānchiān . It then addresses racial motivations behind short on music 1885 by Victor Advielle, French adm...

nameh-ye_khosravan is a work of jalal al-din mirza, son of fath ali shah qajar, which was written during the reign of naser al-din shah qajar. in accordance to this era’s way of thinking, the illustrated manuscript of the nameh-ye khosravan is characteristically written in persian script, the arabic words and vocabularies are removed from it and the kings of the pre-islamic era of iran are illu...

the pavilion can be outlined among the most important architectural identity elements in persian gardens. usually these structures were built in the middle of the garden and at the confluence of two longitudinal and transverse axes in such a way that it could be seen from four sides to maximize the geometrical composition of the persian four-garden. although relatively different reasons for the...

the safavid dynasty's government, formally of shi'ism in iran, a new style called rozeh-khaany of mourning and religious representation with poems and texts related to an event of karbala to create tekyeh, there was a mosque and endowments. these rituals to gain legitimacy in the qajar period, was followed by severe and more widespread, in this time of mourning for the social class an...