Fat in small intestine decreases meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and slows gastric emptying. CCK is a mediator of this inhibitory effect (an enterogastrone). Because intravenously administered peptide YY (PYY) inhibits acid secretion, endogenous PYY released by fat may also be an enterogastrone. Four dogs were equipped with gastric, duodenal, and midgut fistulas. PYY antibody (anti-PYY) ...

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are recognized as the major anions of the large intestinal content in humans, but their effect on colonic motility is controversial. This study explores the colonic motor effect of SCFAs and their mechanisms in the rat. Colonic motility (electromyography) and transit time (plastic markers) were measured in conscious rats while SCFAs were infused into the colon, e...

Peptide YY (PYY) has been implicated in the control of food intake through functional studies in rodents and humans. To investigate whether genetic alterations within this gene result in abnormal weight in humans, we sequenced its coding exons and splice sites in a large cohort of extremely obese [n = 379; average body mass index (BMI), 49.0 kg/m2] and lean (n = 378; average BMI, 19.5 kg/m2) in...

Introduction Delayed gastric emptying and feed intolerance occur frequently in the critically ill. In these patients, gastric motor responses to nutrients are disturbed. Peptide YY (PYY) slows gastric emptying. The aim of this study was to determine fasting and nutrient-stimulated plasma PYY concentrations and their relationship to cholecystokinin (CCK) in critically ill patients. Methods Studi...

Cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), and ghrelin have been proposed to act as satiety hormones. CCK and PYY are stimulated during meal intake by the presence of nutrients in the small intestine, especially fat, whereas ghrelin is inhibited by eating. The sequence of events (fat intake followed by fat hydrolysis and CCK release) suggests that this process is crucial for triggering the effect...

The 2 gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are well known to be coexpressed, costored, and released together to coact in the control of key metabolic target organs. However, recently, it became clear that several other gut hormones can be coexpressed in the intestinal-specific lineage of enteroendocrine cells. Here, we focus on the anatomical and functional conseque...

Resistance (muscle strengthening) exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control yet very little is known about the effects of resistance exercise on appetite. We investigated the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger and circulating levels of the gut hormones acylated ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY). Eleven healthy male students: age 21.1 ± 0.3 y, body m...

Somatostatin-14 (S-14) and somatostatin-28 (S-28) bind to five distinct membrane receptors (SSTRs), but S-28 has higher affinity for SSTR-5. Whether S-28 acting through SSTR-5 regulates inhibition of peptide YY (PYY) secretion was tested in fetal rat intestinal cell cultures. S-28 and S-14 caused dose-dependent inhibition of PYY secretion stimulated by gastrin-releasing peptide, but S-28 was mo...

The relationship between the adaptive response and plasma PYY concentrations after small bowel resection has been investigated. Seventy five per cent proximal small bowel resection resulted in a rise in plasma PYY at six days from 28 +/- 3.1 to 85 +/- 12.3 pmol/l (p less than 0.001) and this difference was maintained to 48 days. Plasma PYY correlates both with crypt cell production rate (CCPR) ...

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients developing hyperphagia have a better outcome. Gastrointestinal endocrine adaptations help to improve intestinal functions and food behaviour. We investigated neuroendocrine adaptations in SBS patients and rat models with jejuno-ileal (IR-JI) or jejuno-colonic (IR-JC) anastomosis with and without parenteral nutrition. Circulating levels of ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1,...