BACKGROUND In cities with trams as public transportation, tram tracks are often on public roads, creating a shared road situation with other road participants like cyclists. Beside the risk of direct collisions, this situation can also lead to bicycle wheels getting wedged in tram tracks, causing cyclists to fall. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to gain more insight in the injury pattern...

A nation can use its current output to provide for the future in numerous ways: it can undertake private capital investment, add to the stock of public capital, enhance income-producing assets abroad, invest in human capital through education and health programs, conserve natural resources and the environment, and invest in science and technology. During the 1980s none of these approaches were ...

LEVELS First, what are the various “levels” in our industry? At the top is Mr. John Q. Public. He is in the driver’s seat, in more ways than one. As taxpayer and voter he is our boss, as well as the user of our product. Under him our industry may be split into two main categories—Public Domain, or the various governmental agencies, and Private Enterprise, which includes the contractor, the mate...

Foreword This report contains a summary of ongoing work on the effects of noise on wildlife populations to date. Because the numbers and/or diversity of species have been used as indicators of the effects of noise, a number of studies that have indicated one or both of these factors for species alongside roads are included, although noise is not specifically mentioned in some of these reports. ...

6.2.1 The traditional role of municipal bodies had been one of providing basic amenities of civic life. Services such as water supply and sanitation, roads and drains, street-lights, collection and disposal of solid waste, maintenance of public places, burial grounds and crematoria, cattle pounds, registration of births and deaths, maintenance of markets have long been seen as the function of m...

Private provision of public roads through build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts is increasing around the world. Under a BOT contract, a private firm would build a road, charge tolls to road users for a period, and then transfer the road to the government. By viewing a BOT contract as a combination of three variables of concession period, road capacity and toll charge, we study optimal BOT cont...

The institution of sweeping the roads, streets and compounds of public buildings in most towns is a public nuisance for which the city fathers are responsible. The dust rises in the air and falls into the houses within its reach, especially into the rooms on the first floor. All such surfaces which harbour loose dust should be watered before they are swept. The floors should be mopped with wet ...

This paper tackles the representation of routes carried by a physical network infrastructure on a map. In particular, the paper examines the case where each route is represented by a separate colored linear symbol offset from the physical network segments and from other routes—as on public transit maps with bus routes offset from roads. In this study, the objective is to automate the placement ...

Deaths and injuries linked to traffic accidents are important public health issues. In this descriptive study, the accidents resulting in death and injury between 2000 and 2004 on the city portion of the D-100 were compared with those on the other roads within the city. The D-100 had a fatality risk approximately 2 times higher than that of the other roads within the city. The percentage of tru...