Amongst the issues associated with commercialization of biomass gasification, presence tars has been one most difficult aspects to address. Tars are an impurity generated from gasifier and upon their condensation cause problems in downstream equipment including plugging, blockages, corrosion, major catalyst deactivation. These lead losses efficiency as well potential maintenance resulting damag...

Ecosystems can undergo sudden shifts to undesirable states, but recent studies with simple single-species ecosystems have demonstrated that advance warning can be provided by the slowing down of population dynamics near a tipping point. However, it is unclear how this 'critical slowing down' will manifest in ecosystems with strong interactions between their components. Here we probe the dynamic...

In this paper we examine the degree of market integration in French gas imports. Are there substantial price differences between gas from different export countries, and do prices move together? Furthermore, we analyze to what extent the French, German and Belgian markets are integrated. The long-term takeor-pay contracts are described and analyzed. Time series of Norwegian, Dutch and Russian g...

Leaf waste has the potential to be converted into energy because of its high availability both in world and Indonesia. Gasification is a conversion technology that can used convert leaves producer gas. This gas for various applications, one which using it as fuel turbines, including ultra-micro ones, are among most popular micro generators electric power at time. To minimize risk failure experi...

In our first two columns, we described innovative practices that Advanced Practices Council (APC) members shared with their colleagues at recent meetings. In this column, we describe the ideas that Jim Tosone, a long-standing APC member, shared at the October APC meeting. A contributor to the recently published “Complete Idiot’s Guide to the U.S. Constitution,” Tosone explained how understandin...

For approximately the last forty years industrial organization economists have undertaken empirical studies to determine if an increase in the number of producers results in more competitive market outcomes. In recent years a number of empirical studies, many under the inspiration and guidance of Leonard Weiss, have focused directly on the relationship between the price of output in a market an...