For the results of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and related meta-analyses to be useful in practice, they must be relevant to a definable group of patients in a particular clinical setting. To the extent this is so, we say that the trial is generalizable or externally valid. Although concern about the generalizability of the results of RCTs is often discussed, there are few examp...

We propose in this paper a language-independent method for syllable segmentation. The method is based on the Sonority Sequencing Principle, by which the sonority inside a syllable increases from its boundaries towards the syllabic nucleus. The sonority function employed was derived from the posterior probabilities of a broad phonetic class recognizer, trained with data coming from an open-sourc...

Profile-guided code transformations specialize program code according to the profile provided by execution on training data. Consequently, the performance of the code generated usind this feedback is sensitive to the selection of training data. Used in this fashion, the principle behind profileguided optimization techniques is the same as off-line learning commonly used in the field of machine ...

le chatelier's principle is used as a very simple way to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium. . however, several studies have reported the violation of this principle, still there is no reported simple mathematical equation to express the exact condition of violation in the gas phase reactions. in this article, we derived a simple equation for the violati...

Item response theory is usually applied to items with a selected-response format, such as multiple choice items, whereas generalizability theory is usually applied to constructed-response tasks assessed by raters. However, in many situations, raters may use rating scales consisting of items with a selected-response format. This chapter presents a short overview of how item response theory and g...