The principle of indifference is supposed to suffice for the rational assignation of probabilities to possibilities. Bertrand advances a probability problem, now known as his paradox, to which the principle is supposed to apply; yet, just because the problem is ill-posed in a technical sense, applying it leads to a contradiction. Examining an ambiguity in the notion of an ill-posed problem show...

In this paper, we clarify a foundational loose end affecting the phenomenological approach to quantum gravity centered around generalization of Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This misconception stems from series recently published works in which perturbative and non-perturbative methods are confused, thereby resulting blurring distinction between changes deformed algebra representation opera...

According to a common view among Muslim philosophers, a moral agent has free will if and only if she is able to do an action when she wants to and is able to avoid it when she wants otherwise. Implicit in this view is the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). On the other hand, according to this view, free will is dependent on requirements such as conception, judgement, tendency, decisi...