in this paper we focus on a special class of commutative local‎ ‎rings called spap-rings and study the relationship between this‎ ‎class and other classes of rings‎. ‎we characterize the structure of‎ ‎modules and especially‎, ‎the prime submodules of free modules over‎ ‎an spap-ring and derive some basic properties‎. ‎then we answer the‎ ‎question of lam and reyes about strongly oka ideals fam...

| Some applications of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in coding and in cryptography are described. The DFT over general commutative rings is introduced and the condition for its existence given. Blahut's Theorem, which relates the DFT to linear complexity, is shown to hold unchanged in general commutative rings. I. The (Usual) Discrete Fourier Transform Let be a primitive N th root of uni...

Let R <-* S be an embedding of associative noetherian rings such that 5 is finitely generated as a right Ä-module. There is a correspondence from the prime spectrum of S to the prime spectrum of R obtained by associating to a given prime ideal P of S the prime ideals of R minimal over P n R . The prime and primitive ideal theories for several specific noncommutative noetherian rings, including ...

SONET/WDM networks using wavelength add-drop multiplexing can be constructed using certain graph decompositions used to form a `grooming', consisting of unions of certain primitive rings. The existence of such decompositions when every pair of sites employs no more than 1 8 of the wavelength capacity is determined , with few possible exceptions, when the ring size is a multiple of four.

.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Motivation for planetary science observations with JWST ...................................

where (a) denotes the two-sided ideal of R generated by a. Then J is the Jacobson radical [6 ] of R, and N is the radical of R as defined in [l]. It is well known that J = 0 if and only if R is isomorphic to a subdirect sum of primitive rings, and ^ = 0 if and only if R is isomorphic to a subdirect sum of simple rings with unit element. The above definitions of / and N suggest that it might be ...