Reform is generating a great deal of excitement and energy is associated with many positive classroom changes. But policymakers and educators are also facing a number of challenges in designing and implementing the new policies. This policy brief examines these challenges as well as strategies states are using to address them. It draws from CPRE's studies of reform in 19 states and from discuss...

The probabilistic escape LIFO (peLIFO) policy was proposed as a member of the pseudo-LIFO family of replacement policies [1]. This is a deterministic replacement policy that computes certain probabilities to reach a deterministic eviction decision in last-level caches. This brief note includes a few additional experimental results involving the peLIFO policy, a discussion on the impact of L2 ca...

Injection is one of the most common medical procedures in the health sector. Annually up to 16 billion injections are prescribed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of them are not necessary for the patients, increase the healthcare costs and may result in side effects. Currently over 40% of outpatient prescriptions in Iran contain at least one injectable medicine. To address the ...

the notion of peace, regardless of theorizations accepted in th field and since the                  enlightenment period, and the era known as modernism, has, constantly, been one of the challenges of mankind, and also scientists in the field of political sciences and international relations.  contrary to the presentation of the idea of peace and respect to the human rights in some of the fore...

in this paper, i attempt to bring together approaches to literacy in theory and in practice, drawing upon various activities i have been involved in over the years–research in iranian villages during the 1970s; linking research and theory to literacy policy, with particular reference to a contribution to the unesco global monitoring report in 2004 and involvement in an ongoing adult literacy tr...

the demand for fossil fuel in the transport sector is constantly increasing and transportation is ranked amongst the highest greenhouse emitting sectors globally. today, tackling co2 emissions from road transport a widely discussed topic and constitutes a milestone towards reaching a sustainable, carbon neutral economy. this challenge is being described in various initiatives adopted in the eur...

About the P About the P About the P About the P About the Policy Briefs olicy Briefs olicy Briefs olicy Briefs olicy Briefs This year the Crawford School of Economics and Government established an exciting series of Policy Briefs that provide three opinion pieces by researchers on a particular theme or topic. These briefs are designed to provide introductions into key public policy areas that a...

Low-carbon innovation in industrial sectors in developing countries presents economic opportunities that can help realise sustainable development pathways. Under business-as-usual, industries being established in developing countries are likely to move along carbon-intensive or inefficient pathways, increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the short term and the likelihood of establishing high-ca...

Low-carbon innovation in industrial sectors in developing countries presents economic opportunities that can help realise sustainable development pathways. Under business-as-usual, industries being established in developing countries are likely to move along carbon-intensive or inefficient pathways, increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the short term and the likelihood of establishing high-ca...

ISSUES Many policy review articles have concluded that alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) is both cost-effective and cost-beneficial. Yet a recent cost-effectiveness review for the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence suggests that these conclusions may be premature. APPROACH This article offers a brief synopsis of the various types of economic an...