Objective- This study was conducted to make a full understanding of the anatomic and ultrasonographic characteristics of digestive canal in Persian Sturgeon and provide standard approaches for performing digestive tract ultrasonography on this sturgeon species.Design - Experimental studyAnimals - 30 mature Persian sturgeons (Asipenc...

With the development of plastic surgery techniques, computer aided approach has become a significant method in medical plastic surgery. In order to solve effects on surgical results made by the surface of a wound in craniofacial cosmetic surgery, accurate preoperative preparation is usually required for the surgery. This paper summarizes the application of computer aided technology in craniofac...

This paper analyzes the joint design of innovation and competition policy. It focuses on collusion sustainability changes due to implementation of antitrust fines and R&D subsidies in an extension of a model by Miyagiwa (2009). Generic subsidies for R&D are found not to facilitate collusion, while additional subsidization to research joint ventures (RJVs) can be collusion facilitating. We also ...

We study the optimal assignment of policy instruments at regional and interregional levels, for international carbon emissions trading with noncompliant polluters. We demonstrate that decentralization of regional emission quotas is socially optimal, when fines and interregional income transfers are implemented by intergovernmental authorities after regional policy making, because regional regul...

This work investigates the effects of different seeding strategies and residence time characteristics on the dynamics of a Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR) crystallizer equipped with a fines dissolution unit and applied to continuous preferential enantioselective crystallization. The fines dissolution is included as recycle streams around the MSMPR crystallizer. Moreover, primary ...

By building a game model between the institutional investors and the management, an analysis has been conducted to uncover the influential factors that are crucial to the role switching of institutional investors when confronting tunneling behaviors of the management: supervision cost, shareholding ratio, invisible income, fines and patience. In cases of lower supervision cost, higher sharehold...

Optical granulometry systems like WipFrag are required to measure fragments in situ. That is to say, the fragments are in piles where sorting takes place, where fragments are partially overlapped, and where fines may not be seen because they fall in and behind the coarser fragments, or where the fines are simply too small to be seen. As a result, optical systems tend typically to overestimate t...

We study subgame-perfect implementation (SPI) mechanisms that have been proposed in the literature as a solution to the hold-up problem. We show that SPI mechanism – which are based on off-equilibrium arbitration clauses that impose fines for lying and the inappropriate use of arbitration — have severe behavioral constraints. The fines imposed in the SPI mechanism induce retaliation against leg...