Organophoshorous poisoning is a common cause of death in developing countries. These compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase leading to accumulation acetylcholine, causing overstimulation nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Atropine oximes are the mainstay treatment. helps countering effects decreasing secretions. It also makes secretions thick, tenacious may obstruct airway. We observed five ca...

For nearly 400 million years, insects and plants have been embattled in an evolutionary arms race. Insects have developed diverse feeding strategies and behaviors in an effort to circumvent and overcome an extensive collection of plant defense tactics. Sap-sucking insects often inject saliva into hosts plants, which contains a suite of effector proteins and even microbial communities that can a...

Insect-induced defenses occur in nearly all plants and are regulated by conserved signaling pathways. As the first described plant peptide signal, systemin regulates antiherbivore defenses in the Solanaceae, but in other plant families, peptides with analogous activity have remained elusive. In the current study, we demonstrate that a member of the maize (Zea mays) plant elicitor peptide (Pep) ...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Salvia divinorum produces several closely related neoclerodane diterpenes. The most abundant of these, salvinorin A, is responsible for the psychoactive properties of the plant. To determine where these compounds occur in the plant, various organs, tissues and glandular secretions were chemically analysed. A microscopic survey of the S. divinorum plant was performed to exami...

Plants exhibit remarkable plasticity in their ability to differentiate between herbivorous insect species and subtly adjust their defense responses to target distinct pests. One key mechanism used by plants to recognize herbivorous caterpillars is elicitors present in their oral secretions; however, these elicitors not only cause the induction of plant defenses but recent evidence suggests that...

The induction of plant defences and their subsequent suppression by insects is thought to be an important factor in the evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores. Although insect oral secretions (OS) contain elicitors that trigger plant immunity, little is known about the suppressors of plant defences. The Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome was analysed in response to wounding and OS...

BACKGROUND Maggots of the blowfly Lucilia sericata are used for the treatment of chronic wounds. Earlier we reported maggot secretions to inhibit pro-inflammatory responses of human monocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maggot secretions on the differentiation of monocytes into pro-inflammatory (MØ-1) and anti-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic macrophages (MØ-2) as these c...

Sources of anti-Haemophilus somnus antibody in bovine uterine secretions following intramuscular immunization and subsequent intrauterine inoculation of killed H. somnus were investigated. Holstein cattle (n = 21) were immunized with a 270-kDa outer membrane protein from H. somnus (omp-270) by intramuscular injection. At estrus, the cattle were given an intrauterine inoculum of a heat-killed su...

objective(s) the liver has major role in the organism homeostasis, interactions with other systems, synthesis and metabolism of bile production, drug detoxification and hormone inactivation. cholestasis can be defined as an impairment of the bile flow which can lead to hepatocytes necrosis and finally cirrhosis. some studies reported a gastric acid secretion reduction in cirrhotic subjects, whi...

In this paper , an experimental analysis of the composition microflora mucus secretions California worm (Eisenia fetida)was carried out, when they were cultivated on a mixture plant residues and rabbit droppings, relationship with itself was revealed under conditions system consideration, species percentage ratio microbial established, number determined. It is shown that retains its properties ...