bubble columns are gas- liquid contactors that are widely used in chemical and bio- chemical industries. high mixing that result in high heat and mass transfer rates are amongst their advantages. heat transfer in a bubble column having a bundle of heaters investigated and the variation of heat transfer coefficient with variation in heaters pitch to diameter ratios in a bundle of heaters reporte...

Variations in both pitch and time are important in conveying meaning through speech and music, however, research is scant on perceptual interactions between these two domains. Using an ordinal comparison procedure, we explored how different pitch levels of flanker tones influenced the perceived duration of empty interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Participants heard monotonic, isochronous tone sequ...

The vocal tract resonances of trained soprano singers were measured while they sang a range of vowels softly at different pitches. The measurements were made by broad band acoustic excitation at the mouth, which allowed the resonances of the tract to be measured simultaneously with and independently from the harmonics of the voice. At low pitch, when the lowest resonance frequency R1 exceeded f...

It is shown that within-speaker variations in vocal effort and phonation affect fundamental frequency (F0) and the formant frequencies of vowels in the sense of a linear compression/expansion of the spectral separations between them, given an adequate scaling of pitch. Between-speaker variations in size correspond to a translation of the spectral peaks shaped by F0 and the formants if pitch is ...

This paper examines infants’ ability to perceive various aspects of musical material that are significant in music in general and in Western European music in particular: contour, intervals, exact pitches, diatonic structure, and rhythm. For the most part, infants focus on relational aspects of melodies, synthesizing global representations from local details. They encode the contour of a melody...

In pathologic voices, both slow and fast pitch variations within an utterance are indicative of the patient status. Moreover, the spectrogram of such voices usually shows high noise components, closely related to the degree of perceived hoarseness of the voice. In the present paper, both pitch and noise variations are tracked during an utterance. This is accomplished by means of a two-step proc...

We present a model of sound production in a songbird's vocal organ and find that much of the complexity of the song of the canary (Serinus canaria) can be produced from simple time variations in forcing functions. The starts, stops, and pauses between syllables, as well as variation in pitch and timbre are inherent in the mechanics and can often be expressed through smooth and simple variations...

Pitch perception is important for understanding speech prosody, music perception, recognizing tones in tonal languages, and perceiving speech in noisy environments. The two principal pitch perception theories consider the place of maximum neural excitation along the auditory nerve and the temporal pattern of the auditory neurons' action potentials (spikes) as pitch cues. This paper describes a ...

In the current study, we tested the perception of pitch variations in early infancy from a domain general perspective for two auditory domains: speech and music. 4-month-old Dutch infants were tested on their discrimination of a musical relative pitch difference, a musical absolute pitch difference, and a Mandarin lexical tone difference. Our results showed that the infants failed to discrimina...

Pitch is often referred to as a primary parameter in music, a basic concept upon which other musical categories, such as pitch intervals and harmony, can be built (Snyder, 2000). While ANSI defines pitch primarily on a uni-dimensional space, Shepard (1982) postulated a multi-dimensional spatial model, such that the Euclidean distances between the musical tones (in the Western Tonal Tradition) r...