In the preceding chapters, we have placed urban military operations in a broader strategic, political, and legal context. With those issues framing our analysis, in the next three chapters we turn to the operational , tactical, and technical challenges facing airmen in the urban physical environment.

BACKGROUND Even though there is increasing evidence that the built environment (BE) has an influence on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), little is known about this relationship in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between objective built environment characteristics and LTPA. METHODS A cross-sectional multilevel study was conducted in 27 nei...

OBJECTIVES Although risk factors for indoor falls among older individuals have been well studied, little is known about the etiology of outdoor falls. We examined risk factors for outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS We analyzed data on the most recent fall during the past year among participants aged 45 years and older in the control group (N=2193) of a case-control stud...

the term degradation is used to specify the status of the environment. it is often associated with ‘improper use’. ‘use’ also implies environmental aspects other than physical ones and implies that the more intensive the use, the more susceptible the environment is to degradation, particularly if proper care for the environment is lacking. the question is, and has always been, how to map someth...

natural climatic conditions in urban areas can be changed by human physical environment. climate as a natural system and city as a human system have close mutual connections. urban population growth and consequent increase in urban physical expansion may lead to intensification in human activities and disturbances in the environment. this contributes to alterations in solar radiation, balance o...

Physical inactivity is a growing issue in Chinese youth, but parks can facilitate traditional and non-traditional forms of physical activity for little to no cost. Despite this opportunity, very little is known regarding park use among Chinese youth. The purpose of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional observational study of park usage and physical activity of youth in municipal parks in ...

abstract creating suitable classrooms that can meet the educational needs of mentally-retarded students is vitally important. the present study explores the effect of three physical characteristics of classroom environment on the creativity of educable mentally-retarded children: window view, window size, and classroom size. the participants, one hundred 9-to-11-year-old girl students, took the...