The analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) was implemented in the Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems) treatment planning system to replace the single pencil beam (SPB) algorithm for the calculation of dose distributions for photon beams. AAA was developed to improve the dose calculation accuracy, especially in heterogeneous media. The total dose deposition is calculated as the superposition of the...

We investigate the performance of robust estimates of multivariate location under nonstandard data contamination models such as componentwise outliers (i.e., contamination in each variable is independent from the other variables). This model brings up a possible new source of statistical error that we call “propagation of outliers.” This source of error is unusual in the sense that it is genera...

A method is described for direct analysis of lead in blood utilizing the carbon rod atomizer. Aliquots of whole blood are analyzed without pre-treatment. Resuits are comparable to those for a similar non-flame technique in which whole blood samples were prediluted with “Triton X-100.” The small sample volumes required and the minimal sample preparation further diminish the possibility of spurio...

monte carlo simulation is widely used in calculations involing transport of photons through different materials of different shapes. the method consists of randomly generating a finite set of photon histories over which the quantities of interest are averaged. in photon transport calculations, sampling the photon scattering angle from the klein-nishina probability distribution is of special imp...

Two-photon calcium imaging in awake, head-fixed animals enables the measurement of neuronal activity during behaviour. Often, licking for the retrieval of water reward is used as a measurable report of the animal's decision during reward-driven behaviour. However, licking behaviour can induce severe motion artifacts that interfere with two-photon imaging of cellular activity. Here, we describe ...

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are characterized by their narrow-spectrum, non-thermal photon emission, greater longevity, and energy-saving characteristics, which are better than traditional light sources. LEDs thus hold the potential to revolutionize horticulture lighting technology for crop production, protection, and preservation. Exposure to different LED wavelengths can induce the synthesis...

In this paper, we study the coherent transport of single photon in a coupled resonator waveguide (CRW) where two threelevel Λ-type atomic ensembles are embedded in two separate cavities. We show that it is possible to control the photon transmission and reflection coefficients by using classical control fields. In particular, we find that the total photon transmission and reflection are achieva...

This paper summarizes parenteral drug contamination case studies presented at industry conferences and a Food and Drug Administration advisory committee meeting in the period of 2000-2004. CGMP deficiencies associated with each contamination event are discussed. The key role of a well-functioning quality system in contamination prevention is emphasized.

Introduction: The heavyweight concretes have been widely used for constructing medical or industrial radiation facilities with photon sources. Materials and Methods: In this study, heavy concretes containing galena (PbS) and several borated minerals are proposed as suitable materials against photons. The shielding properties of 21 galena concretes containing seven borated minerals with three m...