Plant organ growth requires the proper transition from cell proliferation to cell expansion and differentiation. The CIN-TCP transcription factor gene TCP4 and its post-transcriptional regulator microRNA319 play a pivotal role in this process. In this study, we identified a pathway in which the product of the C2H2 zinc finger gene RABBIT EARS (RBE) regulates the transcription of TCP4 during Ara...

Petal growth is central to floral morphogenesis, but the underlying genetic basis of petal growth regulation is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we found that the basal region of the ray floret petals of Gerbera hybrida was the most sensitive to treatment with the phytohormones gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), which regulate cell expansion during petal growth in an antagonistic man...

The representation of knots by petal diagrams (Adams et al. 2012) naturally defines a sequence of distributions on the set of knots. In this article we establish some basic properties of this randomized knot model. We prove that in the random n-petal model the probability of every specific knot decays to zero as n, the number of petals, grows. In addition we improve the bounds relating the cros...

The attractiveness of a plant to pollinators is dependent on both the number of flowers produced and the size of the petals. However, limiting resources often result in a size/number trade-off, whereby the plant can make either more flowers or larger flowers, but not both. If developmental genes underlying sepal and petal identity (some of which overlap) also influence size, then this shared ge...

Food-deceptive flowers primarily use visual signals (such as color) to mimic model plants and deceive insects into achieving pollination. Paphiopedilum micranthum is a food-deceptive orchid that has pink labellum two purple petals with yellow base been proven be pollinated by bumblebees. However, the chemical molecular bases of floral color are not well understood. We conducted targeted metabol...

In this study, the effects of various factors on anthocyanins extracted from ClitoriaTernatea L. petals were determined. addition, phytochemical properties, antioxidant ability, antimicrobial capacity, and application extractions also investigated. As a result, highest proportion anthocyanin, 1.21 mg/g fresh weight (FW), was obtained when extracting with 100% methanol, solvent/sampleratio 10ml/...

Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) is an important and attractive ornamental plant with a wide variety of flower colors. To date, the molecular genetic understanding its colorful petal pigment patterns remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed bicolor petals “Mengdie” in cytological, physiological, transcriptomic aspects. Results showed that difference colors was mainly determined by ...

To investigate sepal/petal/lip formation in Oncidium Gower Ramsey, three paleoAPETALA3 genes, O. Gower Ramsey MADS box gene5 (OMADS5; clade 1), OMADS3 (clade 2), and OMADS9 (clade 3), and one PISTILLATA gene, OMADS8, were characterized. The OMADS8 and OMADS3 mRNAs were expressed in all four floral organs as well as in vegetative leaves. The OMADS9 mRNA was only strongly detected in petals and l...

Flowers are vital for attracting pollinators to plants and in horticulture for humans. Petal morphogenesis is a central process of floral development. Petal development can be divided into three main processes: the establishment of organ identity in a concentric pattern, primordia initiation at fixed positions within a whorl, and morphogenesis, which includes petal elongation through the narrow...

This research is about the problem solving activities of novice programmers as they learn to create recursive LISP programs. Their problem solving not only includes the issue of mental models, but also how to use these mental models in conjunction with other problem solving techniques. In fact, at various stages of their learning, learners seem to use different packages of problem solving metho...