With the recognition in recent years of the influence of three-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer on cloud optical property retrievals, interest in the measurements of the Thematic Mapper (TM) radiometer aboard the Landsat satellite has been renewed. This instrument provides a unique high-resolution data set where the effects of 3-D cloud structure are expected to be prominent. The purpose of...

Wind profilers offer the unique ability to directly measure vertical motion profiles through precipitating and non-precipitating cloud systems. This ability has been exploited through a series of analyses of storms near Darwin, Northern Australia, which have focused on the statistical characteristics of the vertical motion within a large number of storms as well as case studies of squall lines ...

The cloud vertical structure, including top and base heights, layer thickness, and the characteristics of multilayered clouds, has been examined by Wang et al. (1995) by using radiosonde data. Cloudy layers are identified by relative humidity (RH) values above a threshold value of 84%. Cloud-layer top and base are identified by sudden changes in RH. These changes are positive at the base and ne...

We prove that twist-3 soft-gluon-pole (SGP) cross section for single spin asymmetries is determined by a certain “primordial” twist-2 cross section up to kinematic and color factors in the leading order perturbative QCD. This unveils universal structure behind the SGP cross sections in a variety of hard processes, and also the special role of the scale invariance in the corresponding primordial...

For this deployment, our primary result was columnar water vapor (CWV) obtained from continuous solar transmittance measurements in the 0.94-micron band. In addition, we simultaneously measured aerosol optical depth (AOD) at λ = 380, 450, 525, 864, and 1020 nm. During the intensive operational period (IOP), preliminary results of CWV and AOD were displayed in real time. The result files were ma...

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Continental low stratiform clouds cover the sky about 23% of the time during the fall, winter, and spring months and play a significant role in the Earth’ radiation budget. Information about cloud structure and variability is crucial in determining areal averages of cloud radiative and microphysical properties such as over numerical weather prediction (NWP) or Global Climate Model grid cells. N...

Long-termmeasurements of changes in the aerosol scattering coefficient hygroscopic growth at the U.S. Department of Energy Southern Great Plains site provide information on the seasonal as well as size and chemical dependence of aerosol water uptake. Annual average sub-10 μm fRH values (the ratio of aerosol scattering at 85%/40% relative humidity (RH)) were 1.78 and 1.99 for the gamma and kappa...

Satellite cloud analyses can provide a long-term record of microphysical, macrophysical and radiative properties over a large area. However, to have confidence in these retrievals, the results must be compared with ground truth or reliable reference sources. The layered bispectral threshold method (LBTM; Minnis et al. 1995) has been used to derive cloud and radiative properties from the eighth ...

While considerable advances in the understanding of atmospheric processes and feedbacks in the climate system have led to a better representation of these mechanisms in general circulation models, the greatest uncertainty in predictability of future climate arises from clouds and their interactions with radiation. To explore this uncertainty, the cloud resolving model has evolved as one of the ...