chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is associated with a chronic inflammatory response in airways and lung parenchyma that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. cigarette smoking considered as an important risk factor plays a role in pathogenesis of disease. pneumocystis jirovecii is an atypical opportunistic fungus that causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed host, al...

BACKGROUND:Avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS) is causedby spiral-shaped Gram-negative Brachyspira spp. in poultry. It isknown as a cause of diarrhea, low egg production, and increasedoccurrence of dirty eggs in layer hens. OBJECTIVES: In this study,the presence of some Brachyspira spp. was investigated in layinghens. METHODS: A total of 100 cloacal swab samples wereindividually collected from...

background  and  objectives:  long-term  usage  of  fixed and  removable  orthodontic  appliances  creates  a  favorable environment for the augmentation of oral normal microflora particularly candida species, which can increases the risk of periodontal lesions. the aim of this study was to assess quantitative and qualitative alterations in the carrier rate of candida spp. after placement of fi...

background staphylococcus aureus (sa) is frequently found on normal human skin and mucous membranes. methicilline resistance s. aureus (mrsa) strains have spread in many hospital isolates world wide since 1970s. hospital personnel tend to have higher colonization rates than the general population. colonized residents and personnel are sources for dissemination of organism. materials and methods...

background neisseria lactamica as one of the main commensal in oropharynx during the childhood is related to the induction of a natural immunity against meningococcal meningitis. also moraxella catarrhalis in oropharynx of children is a predisposing factor for otitis media infection. objectives the current study aimed to investigate the frequency of the n. lactamica, other nonpathogenic neisser...

The competition-colonization trade-off has long been considered an important mechanism explaining species coexistence in spatially structured environments, yet data supporting it remain ambiguous. Most competition-colonization research examines plants and the dispersal-linked traits of their seeds. However, colonization is more than just dispersal because rapid population growth is also an impo...

OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess whether maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus during pregnancy or at delivery was associated with infant staphylococcal colonization. METHODS For this prospective cohort study, women were enrolled at 34 to 37 weeks of gestation between 2007 and 2009. Nasal and vaginal swabs for culture were obtained at enrollment; nasal swabs were obtained from w...

Staphylococcus decolonization prior to surgery is used to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). To determine if current treatment protocols result in successful decolonization of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 106 consecutive patients were screened for nasal MSSA/MRSA colonization pre-operatively and on ...