A simple proof of the asymptotic formula for the ruin probability of a risk process with a positive constant interest force [derived earlier by Asmussen (Asmussen, S., 1998. The Annals of Applied Probability 8, 354–374)] is given. The proof is based on a formula obtained by Sundt and Teugels (Sundt, B., Teugels, J.L., 1995. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 16, 7–22). © 2000 Elsevier Science...

This article reports physician-based measures of access to care during the 3 years surrounding the 1989 physician payment reforms. Analysis was facilitated by a new system of physician identifiers in Medicare claims. Access measures include caseload per physician and related measures of the demographic composition of physicians' clientele, the proportion of physicians performing surgical and ot...

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