Some actions we perform “just like that” without taking a means, e.g., raising your arm or wiggling finger. Other actions—the nonbasic actions—we by voting illuminating room flipping switch. A nearly ubiquitous view about action is that one's means to constitutes the action, as switch room. In this paper, I challenge view. argue can cause rather than constitute it. process, gain clearer underst...

Do patents provide critical incentives to encourage investment in innovation? Or, instead, do patents impose legal risks and burdens on innovators that discourage innovation, as some critics now claim? This paper reviews empirical economic evidence on how well patents perform as a property system. Do Patents Perform Like Property? 1

Program Committee Regina Aurajo, Federal University of Sao Carlos Michel Barbeau, Carleton University Mahbub Hassan, University of New South Wales Tingxue Huang, University of Ottawa Antonio Loureiro, UFMG Bjorn Landfeldt, University of Sydney M. Ould-Khaoua, University of Glasgow V. Lakshmi Narasimhan, University of Newcastle Asis Nasipuri, University fo North Carolina at Charlotte Sotiris Nik...

Many corporations reward their outside directors with a modest fee for each board meeting they attend. Using a large panel data set on director attendance behavior in publicly-listed firms for the period 1996–2003, we provide robust evidence that directors are less likely to have attendance problems at board meetings when board meeting fees are higher. This is surprising since meeting fees, on ...

report on page 639 identifies a family of proteins that are important when worms are unable to deal with ER stress. The results from Urano et al. suggest that these proteins are receptors for incorrectly folded proteins at the ER. In worms and other eukaryotes, conditions that stress the ER, such as those that inhibit glycosylation, activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR comprise...

Science has become progressively more complex, requiring greater integration and collaboration between individuals, institutions and areas. Networking research establishes common rules and offers a suitable framework for this cooperation. Therefore, it is a good choice for both scientists and policy-makers. The objective of this study is to know whether the scientists perform better within thes...