Interest in intensified insulin therapy has contributed to the increased popularity of alternative insulin delivery systems, including insulin pen delivery devices. Although there have been several studies of patient-reported outcomes associated with insulin pen use (1–6), there has been no adequate assessment of 1) the most advanced devices, pens delivering premixed intermediate-acting and rap...

To study the effects of acupuncture analgesia on the hippocampus, we observed the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor on pain-excited neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibited neurons (PINs) in the hippocampal area CA1 of sham or chronic constrictive injury (CCI) rats. The animals were randomly divided into a control, a CCI, and a U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibi...

Experiments were conducted to compare litter sampling methods for the detection of Salmonella. In experiment 1, chicks were challenged orally with a suspension of naladixic acid-resistant Salmonella and wing banded, and additional nonchallenged chicks were placed into each of 2 challenge pens. Nonchallenged chicks were placed into each nonchallenge pen located adjacent to the challenge pens. At...

In many countries, including the UK, the majority of domestic sows are housed in farrowing crates during the farrowing and lactation periods. Such systems raise welfare problems due to the close confinement of the sow. Despite the fact that many alternative housing systems have been developed, no commercially viable/feasible option has emerged for large scale units. Current scientific and pract...

BACKGROUND Marking the surgical site is a well-established part of pre-operative protocol and errors in marking have been implicated in wrong site surgery incidents and are a significant patient safety issue. There are many commercially available marker pens and anecdotally very little consistency in which pen is used or the clarity of marking. Previous studies have shown subjective differences...

1. Head injuries caused by aggressive pecking are an important welfare problem in quail farming. The aim of experiments one to three was to reduce the rate of aggressive pecking in breeder groups. 2. The quails were housed in pens containing litter, nest boxes and a dustbathing box. The experimental groups consisted of 2/14, 3/14, 5/15 or 5/35 (males/hens) quails which were introduced into the ...

In behavioral economics, the "endowment effect" describes the robust finding that prices people are willing to accept (WTA) for a good exceed prices people are willing to pay (WTP) for the same good. The increase in WTA values is often explained by the sellers' negative hedonic response to losing their item. Recent studies, however, show that subtle cues may change participants' perspective, in...

Different floor space allowances for dry, pregnant sows in pens were evaluated to determine the impacts of space on sow behavior, immune, and cortisol measures. The experiment consisted of 6 replications (blocks 1 to 6; n = 20 sows/group), and within each replicate, physiological measurements were recorded for 2 consecutive pregnancies. A total of 152 sows were measured at 1 gestation, and 65 o...