It is widely known that cells from epithelial tumors, e.g., breast cancer, detach from their primary tissue and enter blood circulation. We show that the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in samples of patients with primary and metastatic breast cancer can be detected with an array of selected tumor-marker-genes by reverse transcription real-time PCR. The focus of the presented work is...

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive viral diseases that threaten worldwide tomato (Solanuum lycopersicum L. syn Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. Use of host resistance appears to be the best way to control the disease. Marker assisted selection (MAS) has become very important and useful in the selection of TSWV resistance genes. The objective of this resear...

Efficient homologous recombination permits the directed introduction of specific mutations into the yeast genome. Here we describe a cloning-free, PCR-based allele replacement method that simplifies allele transfer between yeast strains. The desired allele from one strain is amplified by PCR, along with a selectable/counterselectable marker. After transformation, the resident allele in the targ...

Radish is a root vegetable crop, and many F1 cultivars have been developed by exploiting heterosis. Considerable time resources are required to test the performance combining ability of parental lines; therefore, economical methods identify them needed before field tests. This study was conducted determine minimum number markers elite lines. PCR-based were applied radish lines selected based on...

PCR amplification and sequencing of marker genes are a low-cost technique for monitoring prokaryotic eukaryotic microbial communities across space time but will work optimally only if environmental organisms match primer sequences exactly. In this study, we evaluated how well primers globally distributed short-read oceanic metagenomes.

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases are known as a family of lipid kinases, playing role in various cellular processes. A member this is PIK3CA which frequently mutated breast cancer. In study, the association between H1047R, E542K and E545K mutations, therapy resistance was investigated Iranian cancer patients treated by Trastuzumab. Methods: Resistance sensitive groups were chosen ...