H parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) have been recognized as a cause of respiratory tract infections for many decades. They belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, and are classified into 4 serotypes. Serotype 4 can be further subdivided into 2 antigenic subtypes, HPIV-4A and HPIV-4B (1). Although the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of serotypes HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are...

The emergence of deadly viruses is one the epitomes major global health threats. Currently world going through COVID-19 pandemic resulting in extreme morbidity and mortality, which caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Besides, SARS-CoV-2, recent perturbation chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV) etc. are worth being noted. Although an array re...

Two members of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV), are well-known for their ability to cause a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS in their natural hosts, dogs and humans, respectively. Both viruses have been studied for their potential involvement in the neuropathogenesis of the human demyelinating disease multiple sc...

Measles virus (MV) is a member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) acts as a cellular receptor for MV. SLAM is expressed on immature thymocytes, activated lymphocytes, macrophages and mature dendritic cells. This distribution of SLAM is in accord with lymphotropism and immunosuppressive nature of MV. Canine distemper an...

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family) is the causative agent of a serious infection in dogs and other carnivores [2] and has been shown to be antigenically related to other members of the genus [13]. CDV infection in dogs generally is transmitted by inhalation of infectious aerosols. CDV causes acute generalized infection or chronic localized and persistent infe...

Real-time tracking of virus invasion is crucial for understanding viral infection mechanism, which, however, needs simple and efficient labeling chemistry with improved signal-to-noise ratio. For that purpose, herein we investigated the invasion dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) through dark-field microscopic imaging (iDFM) technique by using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as light scatte...

Enveloped viruses are a large population of known viruses that are human and animal pathogens. Therefore, studies to determine the overall architecture and fine ultrastructure of enveloped viruses are essential. All enveloped viruses are covered by a lipid-coat derived from the host cell’s plasma membrane. Due to the processes associated with virus assembly and budding many of them exhibit vary...

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the genus Morbillivirus and the family Paramyxoviridae. The Morbillivirus genome is composed of six transcriptional units that are separated by untranslated regions (UTRs), which are relatively uniform in length, with the exception of the UTR between the matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes. This UTR is at least three...

The Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses enters cells through the concerted action of two viral glycoproteins. The receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), H, or G, binds its cellular receptor and activates the fusion protein, F, which, through an extensive refolding event, brings viral and cellular membranes together, mediating virus-cell fusion. However, the underlyi...