the mesolimbic dopamine (da) system contains both d1-like and d2-like receptors, has been connected to control of locomotor behavior. an apparent role for d1 and d2 receptors throughout the mesolimbic system in the alteration of locomotor behavior has been demonstrated in pharmacological studies. the nucleus accumbens (nac) is comprised of a core and a shell subregion, which is a component of t...

because of continuous changing of anatomy, function and metabolism of the human brain, age- related change is a major risk factor in most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, including parkinsons and huntingtons disease. therefore, knowing patterns of age-related atrophy of brain tissue can identify causes and possible role of diseases in decreasing brain function with age. the aim of this stu...

introduction: the brain glutamate neurotransmitter system and its nmda receptors in the nucleus accumbens play an important role in the incidence of the phenomena of sensitivity and addiction. the present study examined the inhibitory effect of glutamate nmda receptors in the nucleus accumbens in response to chronic stress. methods: after the unilateral and bilateral cannula placement in the nu...

introduction: the magnocellular neurons (mcns) of the supraoptic nucleus (son) play a crucial role in control of physiological and pathophysiologiccal condition due to two peptides that they synthesize, i.e. oxytocin (oxt) and vasopressin (avp). the activity of mcns is regulated by a variety of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. opioid receptors are one of the important receptors in son synapses...

alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a uniquely human disorder. although the pathogenesis of ad is not fully understood, growing evidence indicates that the deposition of beta-amyloid (aβ) and the local reactions of various cell types to this protein play major roles in the development of the disease. in the present study transgenic mice expressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (app) has been used. t...

objective(s): opioids and cannabinoids are two important compounds that have been shown to influence the activity of magnocellular neurons (mcns) of supraoptic nucleus (son). the interaction between opioidergic and cannabinoidergic systems in various structures of the brain and spinal cord is now well established, but not in the mcns of son. materials and methods: in this study, whole cell patc...

objective: in the present study, we examined the effects of memantine administration within the nucleus accumbens on the alterations in brain and adrenal volumes and weight ratios induced by stress from electric foot shock. methods: a group of mice received various doses of memantine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) prior to induction of stress. another group underwent intra-accumbal cannulation after an...

background: the nucleus raphe magnus (nrm) is involved in thermoregulatory processing. there is a correlation between changes in the firing rates of the cells in the nrm and the application of the peripheral thermal stimulus. introduction: we examined the effect of reversible inactivation and excitation of nrm on mechanisms involved in tail blood flow (tbf) regulation in hypothermia. methods: h...

Broad nervous circuits originate from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus project to many parts of the brain which are related to pain perception. Insulin receptors have been found in the arcuate nucleus. Since nociception may be affected in type 1 diabetes, the present study aimed to investigate the intra-arcuate nucleus insulin role in pain perception in STZ-induced diabetic and healthy rats. Fo...