Introduction: 17β-Estradiol is a neuroactive steroid and its pain modulatory role has been well studied previously. 17β-Estradiol modulates nociception by binding to its receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane - bound receptors such as glutamate and GABAA receptors. Paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is also involved in pain modulation and perception, in addition...

Single unit activity was recorded from the thalamus of rhesus monkeys while they performed a delayed-alternation bar-pressing task. Nine units in the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus were activated prior to the lever presses of the contralateral hand, as indicated by an EMG of the triceps brachii muscle. In this same region, no units were found that became active during the delay period. In ...

293 words). 23 We used epifluorescence microscopy and a voltage sensitive dye, di-8-ANEPPS, to study 24 changes in membrane potential during hypercapnia with or without synaptic blockade in 25 chemosensory brainstem nuclei: the locus coeruleus (LC), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), 26 lateral paragigantocellularis nucleus (PGCL), raphé pallidus and raphé obscurus, and in putative 27 non...

Recent anatomic and physiologic experiments revealed that a major afferent to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) in the rostra1 ventrolateral medulla (Aston-Jones et al., 1988). In the present studies, responses of LC neurons to electrical activation of PGi were characterized in anesthetized rats. Low-intensity stimulation of PGi synaptically hctivated 7...

The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) receives gustatory and visceral information from afferent fibers in the vagus and projects to the Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (PGi), among several other brain region. PGi sends excitatory fibers, mostly glutamatergic, to the Locus Coeruleus (LC). In turn, LC sends noradrenergic projections to many areas of the brain, including hippocampus (HIPP) and amy...

Defence-Aggression Reaction including its cardiovascular components may be inhibited during habituation or by stimulation in the restricted area of the prefrontal cortex. During the process of habituation components of the Defence-Aggression Reaction are inhibited on the level of nucleus paragigatocellularis lateralis of the ventral lateral medulla. The prefrontal cortex probably plays an impor...