BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently colonises intubated patients and causes life-threatening ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The role of quorum sensing (QS), regulating virulence in this pathogen, during colonisation and development of VAP is unknown. METHODS P aeruginosa isolates and tracheal aspirates were prospectively collected from intubated patients. Genotypes and QS-ind...

The study of the mechanisms which govern bird orientation and navigation is severely hindered by the difficulty of reconstructing the route taken by the bird. Several methods have been used to study bird flights: direct observation using binoculars; following the bird by aeroplane or helicopter (Griffin, 1943; Hitchcock, 1952; Fiaschi, Baldaccini, Ioale & Papi, 1981); using a transmitter carrie...

Abstract Second language (L2) anxiety is the most studied affective factor in field of second acquisition. Numerous studies have been conducted on this emotion from different perspectives over last few decades. These can be classified into three groups. The first group has tried to conceptualize and operationalize L2 identify components or dimensions construct (e.g., Cheng, 2004; Horwitz et al....