Demonstrating the absence of a species has always been challenge for natural sciences, which are more used to documenting their presence; however, both forms data equal scientific significance. The horned sea star Protoreaster nodosus is said, in literature, be present throughout whole Indo-Pacific region, from eastern Africa Pacific Ocean islands. However, review along with critical bibliograp...

• Ovine footrot is a contagious disease with important economic and welfare impacts. Typical signs are lameness, interdigital inflammation underrunning of the horn. Transmission Dichelobacter nodosus favoured by warm, wet environments. aprV2/aprB2 genes targets for PCR diagnosis virulent vs. benign strains. Control measures culling, footbathing, vaccination antimicrobial treatment. Footrot foot...