To determine the most useful diagnostic characters for the differentiation of pseudomonads pathogenic for man, including Pseudomonas maltophilia (Alcaligenes bookeri), P. stutzeri (Bacillus denitrificans), P. pseudomallei (Malleomyces pseudomallei), and apyocyanogenic strains of P. aeruginosa, a comparative examination was made of 58 strains of these bacilli for their morphological and biochemi...

Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, sterol biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, the mitochondrial electron t...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids caused by an imbalance among synthesis, ingestion, oxidation and exporting fatty acids. Animal models using diets with high levels of lipids or carbohydrates and excessive treatment with glucocorticoids have mimicked the alterations in hepatic steatosis. Nutritional interventions using n-3 polyunsaturated f...

I ncreasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress causes damage to cell function with aging and is involved in a number of age-related disorders including atherosclerosis, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the neurodegenerative diseases, oxidative stress has been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and Alzheimer disease (AD). Th...

Substrate oxidation and the respective contributions of exogenous glucose, glucose released from the liver, and muscle glycogen oxidation were measured by indirect respiratory calorimetry combined with tracer technique in eight control subjects and eight diabetic patients (5 men and 3 women in both groups) of similar age, height, body mass, and maximal oxygen uptake, over a 60-min exercise peri...

Phenylbutyrate is used to treat inborn errors of ureagenesis, malignancies, cystic fibrosis, and thalassemia. High-dose phenylbutyrate therapy results in toxicity, the mechanism of which is unexplained. The known metabolites of phenylbutyrate are phenylacetate, phenylacetylglutamine, and phenylbutyrylglutamine. These are excreted in urine, accounting for a variable fraction of the dose. We iden...

Galactose oxidase (GOase) was shown to oxidise several C2/C3 fluorinated galactose analogues. Interestingly, the enzyme was able to distinguish between the 2,3-tetrafluorinated galactose and its epimeric glucose analogue, and this represents the first reported biotransformation of a heavily fluorinated sugar.

Microtiter plate colorimetric assays are widely used for analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. However, mucins are often not easily detected, as they have low neutral sugar content. We have adapted and optimised the periodic acid-Schiff's reagent (PAS) staining for microtiter plate assay by examining five factors: concentration and volume of periodic acid, oxidation time, volume of Sch...

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the oxidation rate of ingested carbohydrate (CHO) is impaired during exercise in the heat compared with a cool environment. Nine trained cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption 65 +/- 1 ml x kg body wt(-1) x min(-1)) exercised on two different occasions for 90 min at 55% maximum power ouptput at an ambient temperature of either 16.4 +/- ...